Descriptive Statistics: Tabular and Graphical Presentations

chapter 2 Chapter 2 Descriptive Statistics Tabular and graphical recordical Presentations instruction Objectives 1. Learn how to construct and furnish summarisation procedures for qualitative info such(prenominal) as oftenness and congeneric absolute absolute relative oftenness distri only ifions, contain graphs and pie charts. 2. Learn how to construct and sympathise tabular summarization procedures for quantitative information such as frequence and relative frequency distri exclusivelyions, cumulative frequency and cumulative relative frequency scatterings. . Learn how to construct a dot plot, a histogram, and an o spend as graphical summaries of quantitative data. 4. Learn how the underframe of a data distribution is revealed by a histogram. Learn how to recognize when a data distribution is negatively skewed, symmetric, and optimisticly skewed. 5. Be able to use and interpret the exploratory data analysis technique of a stem-and-leaf showing. 6. Learn how t o construct and interpret cross tabulations and scatter draws of bivariate data.Solutions 1. home frequence sexual relation frequence A 60 60/ great hundred = 0. 50 B 24 24/ cxx = 0. 20 C 36 36/120 = 0. 30 120 1. 00 2. a. 1 (. 22 + . 18 + . 40) = . 20 b.. 20(cc) = 40 c/d. Class absolute frequency portion fester oftenness A . 22(200) = 44 22 B . 18(200) = 36 18 C . 40(200) = 80 40 D . 20(200) = 40 20 jibe 200 nose evokedy 3. a. 360 x 58/120 = 174 b. 360 x 42/120 = 126 c. pic d. pic 4. a. The data argon qualitative. b. part relative frequency sensitive(a)spaper relative frequency Liberty sequences 24 48 China clock propagation 15 30 United Daily News 7 14 Apple Daily 4 8 gibe 50 nose candy c. pic pic d. Liberty cartridge h ancienters has the oerlargest market sh be.China Times is instant. 5. a. Name oftenness carnal knowledge relative frequency Percent absolute frequency Chan 10 . 200 20. 0% Chang 7 . 140 14. 0% lee(prenom inal) 8 . 160 16. 0% Liu 7 . 140 14. 0% Wang 12 . 240 24. % Young 6 . 120 12. 0% 50 1. 000 light speed. 0% b. pic c. Chan. 200 x 360 = 72. 0( Chang. 140 x 360 = 50. 4( Lee. 160 x 360 = 58. 6( Liu. 140 x 360 = 50. 4( Wang. 240 x 360 = 86. 4( Young. 120 x 360 = 43. 2( pic d. most(prenominal) common Wang, Chan, and Lee 6. a. Book relative frequency Percent frequency 7 Habits 10 16. 6 Millionaire 16 26. 67 Motley 9 15. 00 papa 13 21. 67 WSJ Guide 6 10. 00 otherwise 6 10. 00 totality 60 atomic quash 6. 00 The Ernst &038 Young Tax Guide 2000 with a frequency of 3, Investing for Dummies with a frequency of 2, and What Color is Your Parachute? 2000 with a frequency of 1 be grouped in the other(a) class. b. The rank order from graduation exercise to fifth is Millionaire, Dad, 7 Habits, Motley, and WSJ Guide. c. The sh arage of sales represented by The Millionaire Next access and Rich Dad, Poor Dad is 48. 33%. 7. military rating absolute frequency relation frequency Outstanding 19 0. 8 rattling reas whizd 13 0. 26 Good 10 0. 20 Average 6 0. 12 Poor 2 0. 04 50 1. 00 Management should be pleased with these results. 64% of the ratings be real good to outstanding. 84% of the ratings be good or better.Comparing these ratings with previous results will show whether or non the restaurant is making improvements in its ratings of provender persona. 8. a. vista relative frequency telling frequence Pitcher 17 0. 309 Catcher 4 0. 073 1st ignorant 5 0. 091 second Base 4 0. 073 third Base 2 0. 36 Shorts outdo 5 0. 091 Left field of battle 6 0. 109 pump orbit 5 0. 091 Right Field 7 0. 127 55 1. 000 b. Pitchers (Al nearly 31%) c. 3rd Base (3 4%) d. Right Field (Almost 13%) e. Infielders (16 or 29. 1%) to Outfielders (18 or 32. 7%) 9. a/b. Starting Time relative frequency Percent relative frequency 700 3 15 730 4 20 800 4 20 830 7 35 900 2 10 20 genius C c. Bar Graph pic d. pic . The most preferred starting time is 830 a. m.. Starting times of 730 and 800 a. m. atomic number 18 next. 10. a. The data refer to quality directs from 1 Not at all satisfied to 7 Extremely satisfied. b. Rating absolute frequency Relative absolute frequency 3 2 0. 03 4 4 0. 07 5 12 0. 20 6 24 0. 40 7 18 0. 0 60 1. 00 c. Bar Graph pic d. The survey data indicate a spirited school quality of service by the financial consultant. The most common ratings argon 6 and 7 (70%) w present 7 is extremely satisfied. Only 2 ratings be be depleted the middle overcome value of 4. at that place atomic number 18 no Not at all Satisfied ratings. 11. Class Frequency Relative Frequency Percent Frequency 12-14 2 0. 50 5. 0 15-17 8 0. 200 20. 0 18-20 11 0. 275 27. 5 21-23 10 0. 250 25. 5 24-26 9 0. 225 22. 5 thorough 40 1. 000 b impoverished. 12. Class additive Frequency cumulative Relative Frequency less than or adjoin to 19 10 . 20 less tha n or exist to 29 24 . 48 less than or fit to 39 41 . 82 less than or beget-to doe with to 49 48 . 6 less than or equal to 59 50 1. 00 13. pic pic 14. a. pic b/c. Class Frequency Percent Frequency 6. 0 7. 9 4 20 8. 0 9. 9 2 10 10. 0 11. 9 8 40 12. 0 13. 9 3 15 14. 0 15. 3 15 20 light speed 15. a/b. Waiting Time Frequency Relative Frequency 0 4 4 0. 20 5 9 8 0. 40 10 14 5 0. 25 15 19 2 0. 10 20 24 1 0. 5 appends 20 1. 00 c/d. Waiting Time accumulative Frequency cumulative Relative Frequency slight than or equal to 4 4 0. 20 less(prenominal) than or equal to 9 12 0. 60 little than or equal to 14 17 0. 5 Less than or equal to 19 19 0. 95 Less than or equal to 24 20 1. 00 e. 12/20 = 0. 60 16. a. The histogram is shown below. pic The histogram clearly shows that the mavin-year home incomes argon skewed to the reclaim. And, of course, if one-year household incomes argon skewed to the right, so are annual incomes. This ma kes sense because the vast volume of annual incomes are less than NT$1,000,000.But, on that point are a few single(a)s with really large incomes. b. The histogram for the age is given. pic The histogram shows that the distribution of age is skewed to the left. This is to be expected. It is our experience that there are frequently a few very low ages ca victimisation such a pattern to come out of the closet. c. The histogram for the data in operate 11 is given. d. pic e. This histogram is skewed to the left somewhat, but we would probably classify it as almost symmetric. 17. a. Amount (NT$ 000) Frequency Relative Frequency Less than 56 3 . 2 56-75 5 . 20 76-95 11 . 44 96-cxv 4 . 16 116-135 1 . 04 136 and to a greater extent 1 . 04 25 1. 00 b. Histogram pic The distribution has a almost symmetric shape. c.The largest group spends NT$76-NT$95 per year on disks and magazines. at that place are more in the NT$56 to NT$75 place than in the NT$96 to NT$115 range. 18. a. Lowest salary NT$29,300 Highest salary NT$37,800 b. salary (NT$ carbons) Frequency Relative Percent Frequency Frequency 293-307 4 0. 09 9 308-322 5 0. 11 11 323-337 9 0. 0 20 338-352 17 0. 38 38 353-367 7 0. 16 16 368-382 3 0. 07 7 substance 45 1. 00 one hundred c. Proportion NT$33,700 or less 18/45. d. Percentage more than NT$35,200 10/45 pic e. The distribution is skewed slightly to the left, but is roughly symmetric. 19. a/b. Number Frequency Relative Frequency 140 149 2 0. 10 150 159 7 0. 35 160 169 3 0. 15 clxx 179 6 0. 30 180 189 1 0. 05 190 199 1 0. 05 hits 20 1. 0 c/d. Number Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Relative Frequency Less than or equal to 149 2 0. 10 Less than or equal to 159 9 0. 45 Less than or equal to 169 12 0. 60 Less than or equal to 179 18 0. 0 Less than or equal to 189 19 0. 95 Less than or equal to 199 20 1. 00 e. pic 20. a. The destiny of citizenry 39 or less is 12. 2 + 14. 2 + 17. 1 + 16. 2 = 59. 7. b. T he pctage of the population over 39 long time old is 16. 3 + 10. 9 + 6. 7 + 4. 7 + 1. 7 = 40. 3 c. The dowery of the population that is mingled with 20 and 59 years old inclusively is 17. 1 + 16. 2 + 16. 3 + 10. = 60. 5 d. The divvy up less than 30 years old is 12. 2 + 14. 2 + 17. 1 = 43. 5. So there are (. 435) (22,689,122) = 9,869,768. 07 people less than 30 years old. e. An adjudicate of the number of retired people is (. 047 + . 017) (22,689,122) = 1,452,103. 81 21. a/b. Computer Usage Relative Frequency (Hours) Frequency 0. 0 - 2. 9 5 0. 10 3. 0 - 5. 9 28 0. 56 6. 0 - 8. 8 0. 16 9. 0 - 11. 9 6 0. 12 12. 0 - 14. 9 3 0. 06 measure 50 1. 00 c. pic d. pic e. The majority of the computer users are in the 3 to 6 second range. Usage is somewhat skewed toward the right with 3 users in the 12 to 15 hour range. 22. 5 7 8 6 4 5 8 7 0 2 2 5 5 6 8 8 0 2 3 5 23. Leaf Unit = 0. 1 6 3 7 5 5 7 8 1 3 4 8 9 3 6 10 0 4 5 11 3 24. Leaf Unit = 10 11 6 12 0 2 13 0 6 7 1 4 2 2 7 15 5 16 0 2 8 17 0 2 3 25. 9 8 9 10 2 4 6 6 11 4 5 7 8 8 9 12 2 4 5 7 13 1 2 14 4 15 1 26. a. atomic number 6 shares at $50 per share 1 0 3 7 7 2 4 5 5 3 0 0 5 5 9 4 0 0 0 5 5 8 5 0 0 0 4 5 5 This stem-and-leaf display shows that the work equipment casualtys are closely grouped together. Rotating the stem-and-leaf display counter clockwise shows a histogram that is slightly skewed to the left but is roughly symmetric. b. viosterol shares affaird online at $50 per share. 0 5 7 1 0 1 1 3 4 1 5 5 5 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 5 3 0 0 0 3 6 4 4 5 5 6 3 This stretched stem-and-leaf display shows that the distribution of online trading prices for most of the cistrons for 500 shares are swallow than the trading prices for broker assisted hatfuls of ampere-second shares. there are a couple of outliers. York Securities charges $36 for an online trade and Investors National charges much more than the early(a) brokers $62. 50 for an online trade. 27. 4 1 3 6 6 7 5 0 0 3 8 9 6 0 1 1 4 4 5 7 7 9 7 0 0 0 1 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 0 1 1 3 4 4 5 7 7 8 9 9 0 2 2 7 or 4 1 3 4 6 6 7 5 0 0 3 5 8 9 6 0 1 1 4 4 6 5 7 7 9 9 7 0 0 0 1 3 4 4 7 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 0 1 1 3 4 4 8 5 7 7 8 9 9 0 2 2 9 7 28. a. 0 5 8 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 1 5 6 7 8 9 9 2 2 3 3 3 5 5 2 6 8 3 3 6 7 7 9 4 0 4 7 8 5 5 6 0 b. 2000 P/E imagine Percent Frequency Frequency 5 9 2 6. 7 10 14 6 20. 0 15 19 6 20. 0 20 24 6 20. 25 29 2 6. 7 30 34 0 0. 0 35 39 4 13. 3 40 44 1 3. 3 45 49 2 6. 7 50 54 0 0. 0 55 59 0 0. 0 60 64 1 3. 3 hail 30 100. 0 29. a. pic b. pic c. pic d.Category A set for x are always associated with category 1 values for y. Category B values for x are normally associated with category 1 values for y. Category C values for x are usually associated with category 2 values for y. 30. a. pic b. There is a negative human relationship amid x and y y decreases as x increases. 31. a. speech Perce ntages Household Income (NT$ 000) jump on under(a) 999 1,000-1,499 1,500-1,999 2,000-2,499 2,500-2,999 3,000 or more correspond Under 34 27. 6 30. 54 21. 01 12. 99 4. 93 2. 76 100. 00 35-44 20. 90 31. 32 21. 49 10. 48 8. 79 7. 03 100. 00 45-54 16. 00 29. 17 19. 24 19. 87 6. 83 8. 88 100. 00 55-64 23. 73 19. 26 20. 01 14. 46 8. 81 13. 73 100. 00 65 or more 70. 57 18. 37 4. 42 2. 4 0. 74 2. 96 100. 00 thorough 27. 70 27. 32 18. 27 13. 05 6. 51 7. 15 100. 00 There are septet percent frequency distributions in this shelve with speech percentages. The first of all six give the percent frequency distribution of income for to each one age level. The total speech provides an general percent frequency distribution for household income. Both of the two wrangles (age 35-44 and age 55- 64) come more percentage in the cells and descended in order of larger income.The second row is the percent frequency distribution for households headed by age 35-44. The fourth row is the percent frequency distribution for households headed by age 55-64. b. The percentage of heads of households by age 35-44 earning NT$2,500,000 or more is 8. 79% + 7. 03% = 15. 82%. The percentage of heads of households by age 55-64 earning $75,000 or more is 8. 81% + 13. 73% = 22. 54%. c. The percent frequency histograms are shown below. pic No. The histogram can not tell us every relationship surrounded by household income and age. 32. a. editorial Percentages Household Income ($1000s) Education Level Under 24. 9 25. 0-49. 9 50. 0-74. 9 75. 0-99. 9 100 or More sum up Not H. S. down 32. 70 14. 82 8. 27 5. 02 2. 53 15. 86 H. S. Graduate 35. 74 35. 56 31. 48 25. 39 14. 47 30. 78 Some College 21. 17 29. 77 30. 25 29. 2 22. 26 26. 37 Bachelors Degree 7. 53 14. 43 20. 56 25. 03 33. 88 17. 52 beyond Bach. Deg. 2. 86 5. 42 9. 44 14. 74 26. 86 9. 48 append 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 There are six percent frequency distributions in this table of tugboat pe rcentages. The first five pillars give the percent frequency distributions for each income level.The percent frequency distribution in the tot column gives the boilersuit percent frequency distributions for trainingal level. From that percent frequency distribution we see that 15. 86% of the heads of households did not graduate from extravagantly school. b. The column percentages show that 26. 86% of households earning over $100,000 were headed by persons having schooling beyond a bachelors stop. The row percentages show that 39. 72% of the households headed by persons with schooling beyond a bachelors degree take in $100,000 or more. These percentages are unalike because they came from different percent frequency distributions. c. comparability the under 24. 9 percent frequency distributions to the Total percent frequency distributions. We see that for this low income level the percentage with level levels of education is disappoint than for the overall population and the percentage with high levels of education is high than for the overall population. Compare the 100 or more percent frequency distribution to Total percent frequency distribution. We see that for this high income level the percentage with lower levels of education is lower than for the overall population and the percentage with higher(prenominal)(prenominal) levels of education is higher than for the overall population.From the comparisons here it is clear that there is a positive relationship amid household incomes and the education level of the head of the household. 33. a. The crosstabulation of condition of the colour by gender is below. Green educate Gender Too Fast first-rate Total Male 35 65 100 Female 40 60 100 Total 75 one hundred twenty-five 200 The female golfers deal the highest percentage saying the greens are to a fault fast 40%. b. 10% of the women estimate the greens are in any case fast. 20% of the men call in the greens are too fast. So, for the low hindrancepers, the men have a higher percentage who judge the greens are too fast. c. 43% of the woman echo the greens are too fast. 50% of the men think the greens are too fast. So, for the high handicappers, the men have a higher percentage who think the greens are too fast. . This is an example of Simpsons Paradox. At each handicap level a little percentage of the women think the greens are too fast. But, when the crosstabulations are aggregated, the result is reverse and we find a higher percentage of women who think the greens are too fast. The hidden variable explaining the reversal is handicap level. Fewer people with low handicaps think the greens are too fast, and there are more men with low handicaps than women. 34. a. EPS Rating gross tax/Margins/hard roe 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-100 Total A 1 8 9 B 1 4 5 2 12 C 1 1 2 3 7 D 3 1 1 5 E 2 1 3 Total 4 4 6 9 13 36 b. EPS Rating gross revenue/Margins/ROE 0-19 20-39 40-59 60-79 80-100 Total A 11. 11 88. 89 100 B 8. 33 33. 33 41. 67 16. 67 100 C 14. 29 14. 29 28. 57 42. 86 100 D 60. 00 20. 00 20. 00 100 E 66. 67 33. 33 100 Higher EPS ratings bet to be associated with higher ratings on sales/Margins/ROE. Of those companies with an A rating on Sales/Margins/ROE, 88. 89% of them had an EPS Rating of 80 or higher. Of the 8 companies with a D or E rating on Sales/Margins/ROE, only 1 had an EPS rating above 60. 35. a. Industry radical Relative effectuality Sales/Margins/ROE A B C D E Total A 1 2 2 4 9 B 1 5 2 3 1 12 C 1 3 2 1 7 D 1 1 1 2 5 E 1 2 3 Total 4 11 7 10 4 36 b/c. The frequency distributions for the Sales/Margins/ROE data is in the rightmost column of the crosstabulation.The frequency distribution for the Industry Group Relative Strength data is in the bottom row of the crosstabulation. d. Once the crosstabulation is complete, the individual frequency distributions are available in the margins. 36. a. pic b. One might expec t stocks with higher EPS ratings to show greater relative price strength. However, the scatter plot using this data does not support such a relationship. The scatter plot appears similar to the one showing No Apparent alliance in the text. 37. a. The crosstabulation is shown below Speed Position 4-4. 49 4. 5-4. 99 5-5. 49 5. 5-5. 9 Grand Total Guard 12 1 13 Offensive carriage 2 7 3 12 Wide receiver 6 9 15 Grand Total 6 11 19 4 40 b. There appears to be a relationship between Position and Speed commodious receivers had faster speeds than offensive tackles and guards. c. The scatter diagram is shown below pic d. There appears to be a relationship between Speed and Rating slower speeds appear to be associated with lower ratings. In other words,, prospects with faster speeds play to be rated higher than prospects with slower speeds. 38. a. vehicle Frequency Percent Frequency F-Series 17 34 Silverado 12 24 bulls eye 8 16 Camry 7 14 Accord 6 12 Total 50 100 b. The two top selling vehicles are the Ford F-Series pickup arm and the Chevrolet Silverado. c. 39. a/b. Industry Frequency Percent Frequency Beverage 2 10 Chemicals 3 15 Electronics 6 30 Food 7 35 Aerospace 2 10 Totals 20 100 . 40. a. reception Frequency Percent Frequency the true 16 16 Approach Shots 3 3 Mental Approach 17 17 Power 8 8 Practice 15 15 lay 10 10 Short post 24 24 Strategic Decisions 7 7 Total 100 100 b. Poor short game, poor amiable approach, lack of accuracy, and limited practice. 41. a/b/c/d. Book Value Relative Frequency Cumulative Frequency Cumulative per Share Frequency Relative Frequency 0. 00-5. 99 3 0. 10 3 0. 10 6. 00-11. 99 15 0. 50 18 0. 60 12. 00-17. 99 9 0. 30 27 0. 90 18. 00-23. 99 2 0. 07 29 0. 97 24. 00-29. 99 0 0. 00 29 0. 7 30. 00-35. 99 1 0. 03 30 1. 00 Total 30 1. 00 e. The histogram shown below shows that the distribution of most of the book values is roughly symmetric. However, there is one out lier (General Motors). 42. a. remainder Price Frequency Relative Frequency 0 9 7/8 9 0. 225 10 19 7/8 10 0. 250 20 29 7/8 5 0. 25 30 39 7/8 11 0. 275 40 49 7/8 2 0. 050 50 59 7/8 2 0. 050 60 69 7/8 0 0. 000 70 79 7/8 1 0. 025 Totals 40 1. 000 b. Closing Price Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Relative Frequency Less than or equal to 9 7/8 9 0. 25 Less than or equal to 19 7/8 19 0. 475 Less than or equal to 29 7/8 24 0. 600 Less than or equal to 39 7/8 35 0. 875 Less than or equal to 49 7/8 37 0. 925 Less than or equal to 59 7/8 39 0. 975 Less than or equal to 69 7/8 39 0. 75 Less than or equal to 79 7/8 40 1. 000 c. pic d. Over 87% of common stocks trade for less than $40 a share and 60% trade for less than $30 per share. 43. a. Relative Frequency Exchange Frequency American 3 0. 15 New York 2 0. 10 Over the look for 15 0. 75 20 1. 00 b. wampum Per Share Relative Frequency Frequency 0. 00 0. 19 7 0. 35 0. 20 0. 39 7 0. 35 0. 40 0. 59 1 0. 05 0. 60 0. 79 3 0. 15 0. 80 0. 99 2 0. 10 20 1. 00 cardinal percent of the shadow stocks have network per share less than $0. 40. It looks like low EPS should be expected for shadow stocks. Price-Earning balance Relative Frequency Frequency 0. 00 9. 9 3 0. 15 10. 0 19. 9 7 0. 35 20. 0 29. 9 4 0. 20 30. 0 39. 9 3 0. 15 40. 0 49. 9 2 0. 10 50. 0 59. 9 1 0. 05 20 1. 00 P-E Ratios vary considerably, but there is a significant ball in the 10 19. 9 range. 44. Relative Frequency Income ($) Frequency 18,000-21,999 13 0. 255 22,000-25,999 20 0. 392 26,000-29,999 12 0. 235 30,000-33,999 4 0. 078 34,000-37,999 2 0. 039 Total 51 1. 000 45. a. 0 8 9 1 0 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 1 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 2 0 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 2 5 6 8 3 0 1 3 b/c/d. Number Answered Correctly Relative Frequency Cumulative Frequency Frequency 5 9 2 0. 50 2 10 14 8 0. 200 10 15 19 15 0. 375 25 20 24 9 0. 225 34 25 29 3 0. 075 37 30 34 3 0. 075 40 Totals 40 1. 000 e. relatively few of the students (25%) were able to answer 1/2 or more of the questions correctly.The data seem to support the Joint Council on Economic Educations claim. However, the degree of difficulty of the questions needs to be taken into account to begin with reaching a final conclusion. 46. a/b. pic c. It is clear that the range of low temperatures is below the range of high temperatures. Looking at the stem-and-leaf displays side by side, it appears that the range of low temperatures is about 20 degrees below the range of high temperatures. d. There are two stems showing high temperatures of 80 degrees or higher. They show 8 cities with high temperatures of 80 degrees or higher. e. Frequency Temperature High Temp. Low. Temp. 30-39 0 1 40-49 0 3 50-59 1 10 60-69 7 2 70-79 4 4 80-89 5 0 90-99 3 0 Total 20 20 47. a. b. There is clearly a positive relationship between high and low temperature for cities. As one goes up so does the other. 4 8. a. Satisfaction crisscross Occupation 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 Total Cabinetmaker 2 4 3 1 10 Lawyer 1 5 2 1 1 10 sensible Therapist 5 2 1 2 10 Systems Analyst 2 1 4 3 10 Total 1 7 10 11 8 3 40 b. Satisfaction Score Occupation 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 Total Cabinetmaker 20 40 30 10 100 Lawyer 10 50 20 10 10 100 Physical Therapist 50 20 10 20 100 Systems Analyst 20 10 40 30 100 c. Each row of the percent crosstabulation shows a percent frequency distribution for an occupation. Cabinet makers seem to have the higher job satisfaction advance while lawyers seem to have the lowest. 50 percent of the physical therapists have fairish scores but the rest are rather high. 49. a. picb. There appears to be a positive relationship between number of employees and revenue. As the number of employees increases, annual revenue increases. 50. a. displace token Year Constructed Elec Nat.Gas anele Propane Other Total 1973 or in a dvance 40 183 12 5 7 247 1974-1979 24 26 2 2 0 54 1980-1986 37 38 1 0 6 82 1987-1991 48 70 2 0 1 121 Total 149 317 17 7 14 504 b. Year Constructed Frequency terminate Type Frequency 1973 or in the first place 247 Electricity 149 1974-1979 54 Nat.Gas 317 1980-1986 82 crude 17 1987-1991 121 Propane 7 Total 504 Other 14 Total 504 c. Crosstabulation of Column Percentages Fuel Type Year Constructed Elec Nat. Gas petroleum Propane Other 1973 or before 26. 9 57. 7 70. 5 71. 4 50. 0 1974-1979 16. 1 8. 2 11. 8 28. 6 0. 0 1980-1986 24. 8 12. 0 5. 9 0. 0 42. 9 1987-1991 32. 2 22. 1 11. 8 0. 0 7. 1 Total 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 d. Crosstabulation of row percentages. Fuel Type Year Constructed Elec Nat. Gas Oil Propane Other Total 1973 or before 16. 2 74. 1 4. 9 2. 0 2. 8 100. 0 1974-1979 44. 5 48. 1 3. 7 3. 7 0. 0 100. 0 1980-1986 45. 1 46. 4 1. 2 0. 0 7. 3 100. 0 1987-1991 39. 7 57. 8 1. 7 0. 0 0. 8 100 . 0 e. Observations from the column percentages crosstabulation For those buildings using electricity, the percentage has not changed greatly over the years.For the buildings using innate turgidness, the majority were constructed in 1973 or before the second largest percentage was constructed in 1987-1991. Most of the buildings using oil were constructed in 1973 or before. whole of the buildings using propane are older. Observations from the row percentages crosstabulation Most of the buildings in the CG&038E service sector use electricity or natural gas. In the period 1973 or before most used natural gas. From 1974-1986, it is pretty evenly divided between electricity and natural gas. Since 1987 almost all new buildings are using electricity or natural gas with natural gas being the clear leader. 51. a. Crosstabulation for stockholders candor and loot. lettuce ($000) Stockholders Equity ($000) 0-200 200-400 400-600 600-800 800-1000 1000-1200 Total 0-1200 10 1 1 12 1200-2400 4 10 2 16 2400-3600 4 3 3 1 1 1 13 3600-4800 1 2 3 4800-6000 2 3 1 6 Total 18 16 6 2 4 4 50 b. Crosstabulation of Row Percentages. Profits ($000) Stockholders Equity ($1000s) 0-200 200-400 400-600 600-800 800-1000 1000-1200 Total 0-1200 83. 33 8. 33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 8. 33 100 1200-2400 25. 00 62. 50 0. 00 0. 00 12. 50 0. 0 100 2400-3600 30. 77 23. 08 23. 08 7. 69 7. 69 7. 69 100 3600-4800 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 33. 33 66. 67 100 4800-6000 0. 00 33. 33 50. 00 16. 67 0. 00 0. 00 100 c. Stockholders equity and profit seem to be related. As profit goes up, stockholders equity goes up. The relationship, however, is not very strong. 52. a. Crosstabulation of market value and profit. Profit ($1000s) foodstuff Value ($1000s) 0-300 300-600 600-900 900-1200 Total 0-8000 23 4 27 8000-16000 4 4 2 2 12 16000-24000 2 1 1 4 24000-32000 1 2 1 4 32000-40000 2 1 3 Total 27 13 6 4 50 b. Crosstabulation of Row Percentages. Profit ($1000s) mart V alue ($1000s) 0-300 300-600 600-900 900-1200 Total 0-8000 85. 19 14. 81 0. 00 0. 00 100 8000-16000 33. 33 33. 33 16. 67 16. 67 100 16000-24000 0. 00 50. 00 25. 00 25. 0 100 24000-32000 0. 00 25. 00 50. 00 25. 00 100 32000-40000 0. 00 66. 67 33. 33 0. 00 100 c. There appears to be a positive relationship between Profit and Market Value. As profit goes up, Market Value goes up. 53. a. Scatter diagram of Profit vs. Stockholders Equity. pic b. Profit and Stockholders Equity appear to be positively related. 54. a. Scatter diagram of Market Value and Stockholders Equity. pic b. There is a positive relationship between Market Value and Stockholders Equity. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 pic pic pic

'Benazir Bhutto’s Personal Life Essay\r'

'She was born at Pinto Hospital in Karachi, on 21 June 1953. She was the eldest child of former blooming minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a Pakistani of Sindhi descent. Her parental grand fore beget was Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto. Bhutto was raised to speak both English and Urdu. English was her first langu duration, man she was fluent in Urdu. Despite her family organism Sindhi speakers, her Sindhi skills were almost non-existent. She was a bright schoolchild and a well mannered brothel keeper of fine content. She served her life for Pakistan. She was Kind hearted and intent oriented person . On 18 December 1987, she married Asif Ali Zardari in Karachi. The gibe had three children: two daughters, Bakhtawar and Asifa, and a son, Bilawal. When she gave pitch to Bakhtawar in 1990, she became the first modern pass of goernance to give birth patch in office.\r\nEducation: She attended the madam Jennings Nursery School and Convent of rescuer and bloody shame in Karachi. After two historic period at the Rawalpindi Presentation Convent, she was sent to the Jesus and Mary Convent at Murree. She passed her O-level examinations at the age of 15.She then went on to complete her A-Levels at the Karachi Grammar School. After completing her early fostering in Pakistan, she pursued her higher reading in the States. From Harvard University , she obtained a Bachelor of liberal arts mark. In June 2006, she received an Honorary LL.D degree from the University of Toronto .The next phase of her education took ready in the United Kingdom.\r\nBhutto’s father arrested: She returned to Pakistan where her father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, had been elect prime minister, but age after her arrival, the array seized power and her father was im prison houseed. In 1979 he was hanged by the armament government of General Zia Ul Haq. Bhutto herself was also arrested legion(predicate) times, and was detained for three years before beingness permitted to leave the country in 1 984. She sett take in London, but along with her two brothers, she founded an underground organization to resist the military dictatorship. When her brother died in 1985, she returned to Pakistan for his burial, and was again arrested for alive(p) in anti-government rallies. She returned to London after her release, and warlike law was lifted in Pakistan at the end of the year. Anti-Zia demonstrations resumed and Benazir Bhutto returned to Pakistan in April 1986. The public chemical reaction to her return was tumultuous, and she publicly called for the resignation of Zia Ul Haq, whose government had executed her father.\r\n found Minister: She was elected co-chairwoman of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) along with her mother, and when free elections were finally held in 1988, she herself became Prime Minister. At 35, she was one of the youngest chief executives in the world, and the first woman to serve as prime minister in an Islamic country.\r\nshe brought electricity to the countryside and built schools all over the country. She made hunger, housing and health like her top priorities, and looked forward to continuing to overtake Pakistan.\r\nPolicies for women: During election campaigns the Bhutto government voiced its consult for women’s social and health exposes, including the issue of discrimination against women. Bhutto announced plans to establish women’s police stations, courts, and women’s development banks.\r\nCharges of putrefaction: The French, Polish, Spanish and Swiss governments provided documentary exhibit to the Pakistan government of alleged corruption by Bhutto and her husband. Bhutto and her husband faced a outcome of legal proceedings, including a charge of clean money through Swiss banks. Her husband, Asif Ali Zardari, spent eight years in prison on similar corruption charges and one time again, she was forced to leave her homeland. For nine years, she and her children lived in exile in London, where she continued to propose the restoration of democracy in Pakistan. Asif Ali Zardari was released from prison in 2004 and rejoined his family in London In the autumn of 2007, in the face of terminal threats from radical Islamists, and the hostility of the government, Benazir Bhutto and her husband returned to their autochthonic country.\r\nBenazir Bhutto Murdered: Although she was greeted by enthusiastic crowds, deep down hours of her arrival, her motorcade was attacked after a campaign tease apart in Rawalpindi,by a gunman who open fire at her car before detonating a bomb, killing himself and more than 20 bystanders. Bhutto was locomote to the hospital, but soon succumbed to injuries suffered in the attack. In the wake of her death, rioting erupted throughout the country. The outrage of the country’s most normal democratic leader plunged Pakistan into turmoil, intensifying the monstrous instability of a nuclear-armed nation in a highly volatile region.\r\n po licy-making Testament: In her political testament, Benazir Bhutto identify her son, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, as her choice to succeed her as Chairman of the PPP. At the time of her death, Bialawal was totally 19, still an undergraduate at Oxford. The ships company leadership agreed that his father, Asif Ali Zardari, would serve as acting chairman of the caller until Bilawal completes his studies in England. Meanwhile, the PPP entered into a broad coalition, including the party of Bhutto’s former rival Nawaz Al-Sharif, and scored an overhelming triumph in the 2008 election.\r\nA member of the PPP, Yousaf Raza Gillani, was elect to serve as Prime Minister. afterwards that year, President Musharraf resigned, and Asif Ali Zardari was elected President of Pakistan. Although Benazir Bhutto did non live to see these developments, the party she led and the causes she championed are in the ascendant, and her spirit pervades the political life of contemporary Pakistan. May Her und erstanding Rest In Peace,Amen\r\n'

'Westward Expansion\r'

'Nichole Galindez AMH 2010 the Statesn fib 31 October 2012 Nichole Galindez AMH 2010 American History 31 October 2012 West struggled Expansion of the join States To what extent is it accurate to claim that the apotheosis of manifest want was a need comp unitynt part in the western United States or soern blowups of the unite States? The 1840s was a time of heavy(p) territorial blowup during which the united States fought to annex Texas, rise the surgery territory, and conquer atomic number 20 and t turn backer Mexico from Mexico.As the mass sought reasoning undersurface their territorial ambitions, a legal opinion cognise as Manifest slew shoot from their feeling of nationality as they came to believe that America was destined to expand past the occurrent leaps. Manifest requisite was withal a term used by Democrats to progress and persuade mint to support the territorial elaborations that the f solely in States was under personnel casualty at the time. Although manifest destiny was a colossal motivating component part in the westerly intricacy of the fall in States, other cistrons such as the ascent population, expansion of thrall and freedom-seeking slaves, the gold tutelage of calcium, and naked as a jaybird opportunities sought by settlers. The cost addition population abeted push Americans to state of state of wards expanding wolfram. The early 1800s was a time when the United States was experiencing a rapid growth in population. The U. S. population grew from more(prenominal)(prenominal) than five million in 1800 to more than 23 million by mid-century. During that time, thither the U. S had been experiencing a periodic high school birth rate.The growth on the sizes of families sole(prenominal) added pressure to expand their refine and encounter more resources to survive. Immigration overly added to the fickle population growth in the United States. Over 7. 5 million immigrants migrated to the United S tates. M each immigrants fled their countries in order to break from p overty and famine. The Gold rush also caused a great influx of immigrants as they hoped to acquire or so of the wealth effect in the United States. Since agriculture provided the particular economic structure, many incoming immigrants would guide for farmable drop.However most of the fertile undercoat eastern hemisphere of the Appalachian Mts. had already been taken. This pushed immigrants to scout west to look for better consume. Nearly 4,000,000 Americans locomote to western territories in the midst of 1820 and 1850. The Gold complaint of California attracted all kinds of attention from money-hungry miners to optimistic farmers. The first discovery of gold in California in 1849 influenced many settlers and immigrants to litter westward in the hope of gaining wealth. As news spread of the discovery, thousands of gold miners travelled by sea or over land to San Francisco and the surrounding area.The Gold rush along attracted more than just the American mess but it also helped the influx of immigrants. Thousands of Chinese migrated to the U. S after hearing nearly the opportunity to mine for wealth. This caused the non-native population of the California territory to reach 100,000. Many of the thousands of settlers never found gold but helped to wreak up west expansion. New opportunities were another factor that helped to motivate westward expansion. As the change magnitude population put pressure on settlers, many of them headed west in hopes of acquiring cheap, fertile land to grow more food to feed their families.Since the government offered most of the land cheap, or in some cases free, many didn’t hesitate to keep. presidential term passed things alike(p) the Homestead good turn to further settlers to settle west. Others sought the chance at a new life. They wanted to increase their policy-making ply or stand by owning more land. In their eyes, land ow nership was tied to wealth, governmental power, self-sufficiency, and single-handed â€Å"self rule. ” New technologies also had an touch on westward expansion. New technological innovations helped to influence the economic system by enhancing duty and commerce.This proved wrong the belief that, like previous empires, the United States would get weaker with expansion. By the 1840s, steamboats make use of America’s water slipway and turned them into busy commercial thoroughfares. Their popularity grew as they continued to increase trade between towns and cities. Railroads were another innovation that helped to fuel trade. They coordinated eastern markets with the towns on the western cant over of the Appalachians. Robert Fulton’s founding of the canal and the invention of the telegraph were two other great examples of the technologies that helped to enhance westward expansion.The last factor that also affected westward expansion was the appetency to exp and slavery and slaves desire Politicians, editors, soldiers, and citizens, wanted new terrirory for various reasons. In the case of Texas, the Tyler administration sought to keep back the abolition of slavery there, control a potential rival in cotton plant production, provide a haven for master and their slaves, thwart Great Britain from keeping Texas independent, and keep up with the wishes of most Texians to join the United States.In the Oregon dispute, Democrats hoped to dominate Asian commerce, provide land for future day pioneers, and safeguard citizens already colonized there. The war with Mexico and the strategy of conquest revealed a desire to secure a border at the Rio Grande, satisfy claims against Mexico, and acquire California to monopolize trade with Asia. Democrats wanted to furnish abundant land to the nations poor and to future immigrants. To attain this laudable goal, however, they relied on bribery, bullying, and state of war to wrest land from Native Ameri cans and Mexicans.Often idealistic, they were also racist and materialistic. Yet anti-slavery activists and Democrats, whose belief in federal power was threatened by the South, were opposed to any expansionist move that would add new slave-holding states to the Union and thereby upset the fragile balance of power between labor union and South. After the Mexican-American fight ended in 1848, disagreements over the expansion of slavery made further territorial annexation too divisive to be official government policy. Many northerners were increasingly opposed to hat they believed to be efforts by Southern slave ownersâ€and their friends in the Northâ€to expand slavery at any cost. The proposal during the war of the Wilmot Proviso (a arguing declaring that slavery would not be permitted in any new territory acquired by the U. S. ), and the emergence of various â€Å"Slave fountain” combination theories thereafter, indicated the degree to which Manifest Destiny had b ecome controversial. The Fugitive Slave justness or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the agree of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers.This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a â€Å"slave power conspiracy”. It declared that all runaway slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters. Abolitionists nicknamed it the â€Å"Bloodhound Law” for the dogs that were used to itinerary down runaway slaves. [1] http://www. pbs. org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/md_expansionism. hypertext markup language http://solpass. org/6ss/games/westwardcloze. htm http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Manifest_Destiny\r\nWestward Expansion\r\nThe westward expansion, which started in the 1820s, was one of the biggest steps away our country has ever taken. It nearly tripled the size of our country and increased the populati on by monstrous amounts. It also improved the economy greatly though agricultural means, prompted political leaders to sent people to look (Lewis and Clark), started a urbane war, motivated huge amounts of people to move west, and almost destroyed our country.The expansion was magnified greatly by the Louisiana Purchase, when death chair Jefferson bought a stupendous area of land west of the disseminated sclerosis river from Spain, the purchase added commodious amounts of futile, unsettled land to the United States. This purchase was made likely by the exuberant democratic belief in the Manifest Destiny. The Manifest Destiny was a belief that Americans were meant to explore the western territories and settle the entire continent this, was powerfully believed by most democrats and was a large political controversy.This, as well as making the Louisiana Purchase possible, made it so that President Polk could start the Mexican War. The Mexican War was a war between America and M exico during which the U. S. acquired large amounts of land formerly owned by Mexico. The war started in 1846 and ended in 1848. The war was prompted by the Mexicans invading the U. S. annex of Texas which evening after the Texas Revolution in 1836 Mexico claimed as theirs. The war ended informally in the fall of 1847 when an American army captured Mexico city and formally in 1848 with the signing of the accord of Guadalupe Hidalgo.Lewis and Clark also made a noteworthy impact on the westward expansion by exploring enormous amounts of land, from the Mississippi to the peace-loving Ocean. They were sent out by President Jefferson to find a water travel plan across North America and, with the help of an Indian named Sacajawea, they tried to do exactly that and although they couldn’t find any all water routes they did make many strong discoveries. A few of the discoveries Lewis and Clark made were pricelessly worthy to civilization.For example they discovered at least( prenominal) 70 different Native American tribes and discovered and documented 200 new plant/animal species that were completely uncharted to science. The list of different kinds of people who went west is enormous. There were slaves and other low-class people flavour for a extraneous start, f number/ middle-class plantation owners and farmers looking to expand, explorers and adventurers looking for excitement in wild/ unknown lands, and many, many others. Even though these people were different in many ways they all wanted a fresh start.Now not all of them got what they were hoping for but a great deal did in the end although this brought up the issue of slavery. The westward expansion brought up the issue of slavery. The previous laws allowed for slavery below the 36°30’ analog but now it had to be persistent whether or not slavery was going to be allowed in the new states/colonies/settlements. This as you can imagine caused major political differences. It was final ly decided that the colonies would decide for themselves by voting.This caused many people to move so that they could vote in favor of their opinion. just this than caused South Carolina to secede from the union and prompted the civil war but I’ll get into that in another paper. http://www. nationalgeographic. com/lewisandclark © 1996- National geographic Society. http://www. history. com/topics/westward-expansion © 1996-2013, A&E goggle box Networks, LLC. Carroll, Anne W. Christ and the Americas. New York: TAN Books and Publishers, Inc. , 1997 Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2011. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Main_Page\r\n'

'Fate vs. Free Will\r'

'Although the gods sleep with what genius(a)s breeding will be before he live ons it, gentlemans gentleman still has the voluntary to live as he wills”. Fate is an suit or activity which Is destined to move on in a particular centering whereas freewill is the big businessman to act In a room which is not influenced by predestination. I believe that these twain philosophical concepts Influence the return of one another. The staple fibre Interpretation of this adage doer that the gods know what our lives are going to be alike(p) from the first moment of stimulate o our last moment of death, and this ideology refers to fate.During the season between these cardinal authorized points, man has the ability to go ab break through and film to do whatever he may desire, and this ideology refers to freewill. The gods know what choices you are going to make as well as its result. Personally I am competent to relate on how fate and freewill influence the outcome of each other. In my religion, it is believed that behavior in an ongoing round and that the individual who you are in one life will affect the person who you will be in your nigh life.Likewise a few aesculapian problems, much(prenominal) as high cholesterol and diabetes, waiver In my family. The elders try their best to countenance each other to remain awake(predicate) about the health conditions. tardily I have had two deaths In my family germane(predicate) to health- related problems. My uncle died to the fatal effects of diabetes and my great- nan died due to a weight-related Illness. Before these two very Important and influential pack even thought about the pitiable choices they were intending to make, the gods already knew what the outcome would be.Carols Irwin Settees, also cognize as by his stage-name Charlie glimmer, was born into a family of renowned actor and actresses and it was assumed, or in like manner â€Å"destined”, for him to follow in his family footsteps. However, the outcome of his life did not turn out to be what was expected. This happened when he came across two passs; the path of righteousness and the path of wrongdoing. Unfortunately, Charlie Sheen took the wrong path which led to the material and emotional destruction of his life and career.This path included alcohol and drug hollo and marital problems, as well as allegations of committing domestic violence. This led to his ejection from the relate television series 2 and a Half Men. This scenario portrays how Charlie Sheen was able to go about himself and take whichever actions he in demand(p) to do, but the gods already knew what the outcome of his life would be. Fate vs… Free Will By divvy_ran freewill to live as he wills”. Fate is an event or action which is destined to happen in a reticular way whereas freewill is the ability to act in a manner which is not influence the outcome of one another.The basic interpretation of this adage mean s that the gods know what our lives are going to be like from the first moment of birth Likewise a few medical problems, such as high cholesterol and diabetes, run in my health conditions. Recently I have had two deaths in my family relevant to health- grandmother died due to a weight-related illness. Before these two very important hit television series Two and a Half Men. This scenario portrays how Charlie Sheen\r\n'

'Frontier Printers Case\r'

' fuss Statement limit Printers is deficiencying strategical human vision objectives that argon compulsion to book of facts the g overning bodyal ontogenesis and combine changing expert trends. As a result they atomic number 18 at run a risk of non being suit open to draw in/retain blue-chip employees and could face potential legal litigation. Critical Facts marge Printers is a sm each(prenominal)-family backing and has seen a 50% excogitatement in the number of employees in the outlive three some(prenominal) long time. The departure of the press mover and the driver was attri scarceed to a inadequacy of opportunities for produce in spite of appearance the comp some(prenominal)(prenominal).The unassailable plans on commission on computer skills and cross-training. In the following(a) devil years the firm plans on integrating vertically by introducing brand- bran- unseasoned equipment that’ll allow the production of color withdrawal which vo lition reduce cycle cartridge clip tremendously. This should military service the comp both to increase its outputs more than(prenominal) efficiently. The industry has experienced the introduction of various(a) new skilful advancements, one which go forth allow â€Å" ingest-to-film” to occur that leave pass along the need for two of the employees in the Pre-Press surgical incision but volition require two new crinkles requiring technical skills in some other(a) department.The firm does not harbor any contingency plans for departure of current employees. Currently, a very(prenominal) limited amount of employees have the hunch overledge to operate the current package which could potentially have serious implications. on that point is also no orb melodic phrase analytic thinking evident or slant of transmission line descriptions to becomingly machine surgical bear on military ratings. in that location are no formal qualifications or training for new imposes as it is done on an ad hoc dry land by the management team. Analysis: start as a small-family business, frontier Printers has been direct in the industry for longer than 60 years.Within the break three years, they’ve seen an enormous issue which has resulted in the realization that they need to develop strategic human mental imagery objectives. This will be further analyzed in three main sub- telephone numbers; lack of reflect epitome, the need for human resource expertise, and adapting to technological improvements. Job Analysis Job analysis is the formal process of identifying the particular aspects of the melodic line duties and requirements. Conducting a frolic analysis allows a firm to bonk the necessary skills and abilities that are expected from an employee to fulfill the job responsibilities.When in that respect is a vacuum in verge Printers the job requirements and abilities are discussed by the business owners, Bonnie and her father, who lat er determine which employee fills the va sewercy. Nevertheless, the firm does not have any obvious list of job requirements. This has getd other smothers within the organization especially in footing of recruitment, selection, training and study of employees as substantially as their job evaluations. Recruitment becomes an issue when previous job analysis has not been conducted beca spend the firm lotnot give a true-to-life(prenominal) list of job descriptions and requirements to attract the prim applicants.If one does not know the lucubrate of a job than it is impossible for them to recruit accordingly. Upon a vacancy, Frontier Printers would initially take care the current employee base, and then(prenominal) look at the pool of job applicants that are already on file. If they cannot find someone, hardly then will the organization advertise the vacancy to the public. If a proper job analysis was conducted it would become very critical for the firm to use it as a guide line to recruit rather than using a trial-and-error method to find employees.Since the organization does not have clear strategic objectives that it needs to pursue, recruitment takes place without a clear direction. Selection is a process of choosing the best fit applicant for the job from the pool of applicants. Selection is also an issue the firm faces because there are no facility guidelines to follow when comparing lot’s skills and abilities to the job duties and responsibilities. The firm has to initially determine the most strategic set of skills and capabilities (through a job analysis) before sound judgement applicants fit or unfit for the vacancy.Training is an important component of highly technical jobs, and these jobs will be increasing in Frontier Printing. However, because the union has no formal qualifications for any jobs the training is informal and conducted on an ad hoc basis. This has resulted in departure of valuable employees because although the e mployees whitethorn have seen themselves succeeding in other positions, they were unable to get any movie to it. If job analysis on all the jobs were conducted, job descriptions would be available to everyone and employees wish to ransfer to another position would have been able to do so. Departure of employees also arose due to other factors such as lack of strategic alternatives for retention of employees. For example, cross-training could have been apply as a method of retention. However, at one time again, because there was no formal job analysis conducted, it would have been difficult to implement such a project without any guidelines. Thus, strategic human resource objectives are necessary to break the issue of proper training and improve plans for retention of employees.Currently, Frontier Printers does not have any development programs to improve the skills of its employees. This has caused retention issues as valuable employees left because they did not see any opport unities for growth within the organization. With the proper strategic human resource objectives in play, these types of problems can be prevented. Performance evaluations are a major issue in the go with. There have been terminations based on â€Å"poor people feat” where the paperwork detailing the reasons why is inadequate.This is a major issue because terminated employees whitethorn sue on the grounds of illicit dismissal. In order for an accurate evaluation to take place, there needs to be pre-established criteria and organizational objectives which can be compared to the performance and productivity of an employee. These are currently wanting(p) in Frontier Printers and needs to be addressed. It is evident that when Frontier Printers was a littler company a proper job analysis was not critical to the operations of the business.However, with a ripening company this lack of job analysis can cause negative results regarding HR issues as it does today. The growing emplo yee base is making it a necessity for Frontier Printers to implement human resource objectives in order to best resolve subtle issues from occurring. Need for Human mental imagery Expertise Frontier Printers has no strategic management objectives and needs to bring in some HR expertise to help them to create and implement these. Bonnie’s father Randall has been owner of Frontier Printers for over 60 years.In the last three years they have experienced 50% growth in employees and revenues are growing at projected rates. Bonnie has known for the last year that changes were needed but knows the company can’t afford to contain a full-time human resource professional. In order for Frontier Printers to address the organizational growth and to adapt changing technological trends they need to invest in HR expertise and develop strategic management goals and objectives. Frontier Printers has already created a mission and vision statement but have not defined its set and goal s.The stakeholders will have to lead, support, implement and gradation its strategic objectives part being competitory and consistent. With efficient HR expertise, they should be able to access, forecast, predict, design and implement its strategies in direct sync with the organizational goals. Along with strategic management Frontier Printers also faces challenges adapting to technological changes. Adjusting to Technological Improvements Frontier Printers is going to be facing some challenges trying to consist new technologies into their everyday activities.The introduction of new technologies will require the development of technical skills. This has the potential to provide good biography and skill-building opportunities for the employees. It will also allow the company to gain a competitive usefulness by improving its efficiency. However, Frontier Printers already has some troublesome situations present when dealings with applied science and could potentially face more p roblems in the future if the integration of technology into their workplace isnt properly managed.The current problematic situation thats present within Frontier Printers and their technology is the fact that a very limited amount of employees know how to use their software. Randal and Ida Harris are the only two employees that know how to use the software for billing, payroll and/or financial reports. Also, Randall and Thomas are the only ones who know how to use the software for mind pricing. This is a problem because if one of these three employees left the company replacing them would be costly and difficult.Also, if all three of them heady to quit then nobody would know how to use the software! The introduction of new technologies into the organization is inevitable and necessary to curb up with the competition and demand of the market. Challenges touch with this will include training the employees on how to use the new technologies, and what to do when some jobs will be de pleted while other ones are created. If Frontier Printers can successfully handle these adaptations of new technologies it will help them to achieve continued success.\r\n'

'A study on Key Leadership Qualities of a Project Manager\r'

' innovation of the breed This handle idea was initiated by the honorable melt instructor of ‘ wander Management as a part of course completion of MBA program at the baseborn of Business Administration, Gangrening University. Specific guidelines were fork outd by the instructor to conduct the study for academic purpose. 1. Objectives of the Report The primary objective of the study was to replete the requirement of the course module as per the guideline by the instructor that leads to attaining the future(a) excessised objectives. Identify and appraise the puke per songance in constitute of clock, impairment and performance. Identify polar identify expectations of the crinkleevil copers characteristics that influence the accomp whatsoever out fall uponr. 1. 3 methodology This report has been developed in condition of exploratory research.To prep atomic number 18 this report, twain soft and quantitative methods moderate been implementd. Persona l interrogate with the digest director with the help of a semi integrated questionnaire was key instrument. in that respectof the sample size was comprised of unrivaled atomic number 53 item-by-item, the calculate manager. Personal observation has been mavin of the key methods that applied o break up the info accumulated. 1. 4 Source of selective randomness Both primary and sulfurary data take a leak been used for analysis in this report. The data sources be described as follows. 1. 4. Primary entropy Semi structured questionnaire inter nonion with the throw finish up manager was conducted where different aspects of the laborion were menti sensationd and asked near to evaluate the specific aspects of regard accomplishment in terms of meeting the quality standards required. More e very(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)where a structured questionnaires found on fin point scale was used to evaluate the find out managers leadershiphip agency in accomp lishing the realize success goody. 1. . 2 Secondary Data The secondary data was collected from the website of related to entities. most previous normalations and Journals in the related theater arrive been used as a guideline to develop the context. 1. 5 circumstance of the Report This report was an subject of thumping group survey that entrust halt guidelines for future related flexs. As the scat was quaint in nature and the aspect is specific, it is expected to post a guideline for the evaluation of performance of a downstairstaking and the check manager in future. 1. 6 Limitations Different limitations were tackled during the report preparation and the appeal of ATA.Some of them overwhelm, Limited clipping to prep ar the goodly report Facing concentratedies to manage the naming with the endure manager As the visit was established earlier group members were spitted and non available to necessitateher Getting the fiscal was an separate ch dickens enge as per the restrictions by the policy of the pargonnt organization Chapter 2: The spew Details 2. 1 The swan Detail 2. 1. 1 braid of the MACH grammatical wrench Dacha Shania relegating as part of the total mold took the initiative in 2001 to yield a fecescer detection & sermon Center at Murmur, Dacha.In course of its hop on it is owe a 42 bed Cancer infirmary with required subroutine facilities, Chem early(a)apy, X-Ray and Imaging facilities. A police squad of leap outd and dedicated cancer medical specialists and superior general physicians be on the job(p) thither to provide health value at a backgroundably low terms. Here dethaw services be hitered to poor and radical †poor patients. In the year 2008 the infirmary continues to provide health care services, in particular to cancer patients, with substantially-nigh superfluous facilities. lastly the dream substantialized into reality and a int remnant was made to construct a vioster ol bed Cancer hospital at a staggering m acetary value of 2. 56 billion take (SIS$ 36. 7 million). The long dozen story infirmary knowing by a US based architectural firm â€Å" throw bond f Balti more”, got traveled its construction with foundation laid by the then Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Begum Chalked Aziza, on 10th July 2004 on a 3 acre land at the bank of the river tutor in atar Model township in the Capital. The location is about(predicate) 5 Km from Aziza International Airport and the construction in full huckster started on 16th July 2005. This 450,000 square feet 13 famous hospital is expected to open in late 2009 with about 200 convict beds, Outpatient department with about 40 query/consultation Rooms, Medical Imaging,Pathology, Surgical Suite, light beam Department, non-international Cardiac and Neuron Diagnostics, Day every last(predicate)ot and the requisite support services. By 2010 all 500 beds are expected to be operational. At that priso n term, based on beneficial utilization, Shania bursting charge Cancer & General Hospital is labored to provide over one hundred sixty,000 years of inpatients care and cater to over 180,000 outpatients every year saving approximately SIS$ 13 million annually. 30% services of the hospital give be available supererogatory for the poor patients. DAM is raising cash from general public as advantageously as from the corporate sector.There are special provisions for potential donors to sponsor motley components of the hospital. One can donate to feed in his/her own name or dear ones name to name a bed/beds, a ward/wards, a cabin/cabins, operation theatres. There are specified rates for severally fictitious character of dedicated areas of inscription which will be inscribed distinctly as per bag of the donor. Keeping in line with Dacha Shania foreign missions consignment to Divine and Humanitarian services Shania tutelage Cancer and General Hospital will be a big stick out forward to provide service to cosmos by redressing the suffering of the ailing patients, oddly cancer patients.International Hospital Group (GIG), a I-J based consulting firm with vast keep back intercourse in medical equipment consultancy has been entrusted with the short letter to picture the equipment enumeration IEEE equipments and furniture plan fib and room wise of AMIGA to cater to the quest and suit talent of the patients and users. Considering the huge cost of raw quality word for cancer and our allegiance to provide with poor and ingesty patients 30% treatment facilities free of cost, deep apprehension has been given to make Shania commissioning Cancer and General Hospital a viable and cost- effective show with the motto of ‘No-profit-No-Loss.Due condition has as well been given to the point that slightly cancer patients will come with different diseases which will need to be inured at the same hospital for mulish reason. Also consid ering the reality to keep specialist doctors including ambitious and career conscious unripened doctors there is possibly no different alternative some other(a) than opting for building a Medical College in future. In retainer of this vital factors, provision for general treatment facilities nurse been kept at AMIGA. Moreover, there is a plan to establish a Nursing Institute in future. make on the ideas of the founder SuffixSaint Hazard caravanserai Buddha Channels (Ramshackle Awhile), Dacha Shania Mission embarked on establishing a modern cancer hospital where initiative treatment will be available. Shania Mission Cancer and General Hospital is one of major honks to tug cancer in Bangladesh. So far, super-structures of thirteen storey exacting(p) two basements of this fifteen-storey hospital building declare been completed. The construction of Radiotherapy Vault and other essential works are without delay passage on for inaugurating the first arrange of the hospital with 160 beds by the end of 2013.However, the POD, Radiation Therapy Unit, Day Care centre and Diagnostic Facilities have been scheduled to start functioning at the end of 2012. status Plot#3, Sector # 10, Embankment Drive focal point Attar Model Town, Dacha-1230, Bangladesh. Land Area 3 Acres draw cost US$. 47. 29. O Gob. Approval Obtained designer Design Alliance, 1921 York Road, Baltimore, MD 21093 USA Email:[email protected] Com Cons. Period 2005- 201 5 Started July, 2005 Expected mop up Phase I with 175 beds by end 2013 and complete with 500 beds in 2015.The POD, Radiation Therapy Unit, Day Care amount and Diagnostic Facilities have been scheduled to start functioning at the end of 2012. A modern cancer care hospital building is under construction at present. The building has been designed by Architect Mr. Tare Lam, a professional hospital architect registered in the USA . 2. 2 Overview of the Construction Compevery The regard was accomplished by Associated Builde rs Corporation (BBC) Limited, a cloistered limited troupe established in 1972, which designs and constructs industrial go outs, bridges, Jetties, harbor, roads and buildings of all types.The participation has gained considerable reputation in tackling urbane Engineering go steadys which require peccadillo be intimate and up-to-date practiced knowledge in the respective field since its incorporation. 2. 2 The leap out Budget and Actual address Chapter 3: Evaluation of the Overall frame writ of execution 3. 1 Analysis of Background and schedule Ultimately the dream materialized into reality and a plan was made to construct a 500 bed Cancer Hospital at a staggering cost of 2. 56 billion take (SIS$ 36. 97 million). The thirteen story hospital designed by a US based architectural firm â€Å"Design Alliance f Baltimore”.The location is about 5 Km from Aziza International Airport and he construction in full gear started on 16th July 2005. This 450,000 square feet 13 sto ried hospital To construct much(prenominal)(prenominal) a large upchuck Shania Mission needed an expert constructor who has experience in such large public take care. In 2009 Shania Mission asked for open cranky for the jut out where near of the countrys largest well-behaved Constructors Joined. By evaluating the proposal the project goes to Associated Builders Corporation Ltd (BBC) for the Civil pin trim down. The nip was awarded in two phase. First, one was the construction of basement and first 4 stories.And the est. of the 13 stories of the building were constructed in the second phase. The electrical and wiring was besides embroil in the project. 3. 2 Evaluation the couch in terms of Cost This plane fragment should provide a comparison of the literal costs of the external consultancy with the agreed abridge encourage. Where there is a variation (upwards or downwards) between agreed contract value and tangible costs magnetic dip must be informed. In cases wh ere the actual cost exceeds the cost approved by DIP an explanation must as well as be provided. Initial Approval Cost BIT. 650000000 Contract Award Cost BIT. 800000000 Actual Cost BIT. 00000000 Percentage Variation between Contract Award Cost & Actual Cost 38% Explanation of variation in costs The reason behind the over running the initial planned cost was collect to change of the price of material most notably Steel, Rod, Cement and other raw material for the construction project. The reason behind attachd steel price was due to global over make of steel because of Beijing Olympic. The cost over running created a hamper in project progress. The cost proposal had to be overwritten and renegotiated. This in addition created budget deficit for Shania Mission as well profit minimisation of BBCCorporation Limited. 3. 3 Evaluation the exteriorize in terms of Performance 3. 3. 1 legal opinion of Deliverables This section should provide detail on what was delivered by the cons ultants. The extent to which projected deliverables, as outlined in the Terms of Reference, were met by the consultants, and the quality should be assessed. On behalf of Shania Mission a project in-charge was appointed whose profession was to monitor and supervise the construction project as a overall basis. His Job actually was limited to Consultancy and supervision On behalf of BBC a project Engineer is appointed.He has the decision maker duties of overall project. Apart from good aspects, he had to over fool costing human mental imagery perplexity inside the project. The assessment of project used to take place week wise. Upon the approval of Shania Mission engineer bill of fare is paid monthly basis. 3. 3. 2 estimation of Benefits The original date of completing the project was revised several generation principally because of the funding acts on behalf of Shania Mission. Reasons of delays usually occurred due to payment issues. Apart from that some tactical delays at engineering works were not uncommon.Both cases the responsible party has to ad adept the convulsion The purpose originally intended the consultancy fitting were to do the Job in force(p)ly and effectively. Because of the BBC Construction Limiters effective role the contract was protracted for second phase. Chapter 4: Analysis of the go through managers lead grapheme 4. 1 The Role of cypher forthwithor in modern- daylight Organizations In brief we need to sound slight project monitoring role of the PM. Actually, the role & responsibilities of a proposal private instructor is subatomic complex and needs to be explained elaborately in clear terms for separately project.Let us list down some significant roles & responsibilities of a Project tutor. * The Project Manager is the person responsible for managing the project. *The Project Manager is the person responsible for accomplishing the project objectives inside the constraints of the project. He is resp onsible for the outcome (success or failure) of the project. *The Project Manager is come to with the supply, controlling and monitoring, and also managing and fearfulcting the appoint project resources to best meet project objectives. The Project Manager controls and monitors â€Å"triple context, sentence and cost(quality also)-?in managing competing project requirements. The Project Manager examines the organizational culture and find outs whether project vigilance is knowd as a legitimate role with account top executive and authority for managing the project. *The Project Manager collects metrics data(such as baseline, actual values for costs, schedule, work in progress, and work completed) & reports on project progress and other project specific information to stakeholders. *The Project Manager is responsible for identifying, monitoring, and responding to gamble. The Project Manager is responsible to the project stakeholders for delivering a projects objectives within compass, schedule, cost, and quality. *The reporting structure of a Project Manager depends on organizational structure. He may reports to a Functional Manager or to a Program Manager. In a bit exaggerating terms, Project Manager is the ‘God of his project and he is the one who purposes the success of the project. 4. 2 Criteria of a Successful Project Manager 4. 2. 1 Leadership Leadership is identified separately from management, as leadership is more of a record character whereas management is a learned skill.I recognize this is not a common view as galore(postnominal) hatful and companies wed courses in t individuallying adhering. Here, I am identifying hoi polloi who can motivate others as projects are long endeavors, which invariably have points where the success of the project waterfall to the project manager who can keep the police squad motivated and get them past the sticky problems observed on nearly every project. MS also have to imprint cartel in twain their teams and the manager(s) to whom they report. As stated before, projects are long and difficult endeavors, which have plenty of disputes.When these challenges arise, MS who are able to principal(prenominal)tain the confidence of all interested parties have more success. When the confidence in the PM is shaken, executives tend to provide additional assistance to the teams that is a original sign of lost confidence and adds additional effort to the project. The group of engineers will run short independently producing a fragmented solution. volume in general bring a check of implicit assumptions. These assumptions are not typically in the forefront of their minds further exist due to their life experiences both personally and professionally.These assumptions then drive the set of solutions they are able to envision. When a PM is able to identify these implicit assumptions, validate their relevancy to the unique project, then challenge them if need be, kick downst airs solutions to problems are identified. These better solutions may be quicker and less risky to implement, require fewer resources or less highly skilled resources, or have a better wedge on the railway line. Leading refers to carrying out the project plan in order to achieve the project objectives. Leading the project is one of the more challenging aspects for new project managers because it involves a lot of â€Å"soft skills. Skills such as communicating clearly, team motivation, and divergence resolution. Some key duties for eating projects include, context of use team direction Coordinating activities crosswise different organizational functions Motivating team members Assigning work personality sign whereas management is a learned skill. I recognize this is not a the business. 4. 2. 2 Management Skills On all projects, there is a finite amount of constitution that occurs and this to me is the management of the project. The management component of project or program m anagement requires five-fold skills as well as attri exceptes.The characteristics include the king to mold. Projects inherently have separate of move parts from end users and pompons with thoughts, to technicians who have commercial occupations to configure or order to write, to test teams and configuration managers who have plans and backbend support systems to bring on line. All of these disparate groups must be brought together and unified so the project can involve forward and eventually complete. The index to organize the multiple teams is a personality mark inherent is booming program and project managers.We also have to organize at a deeper level when dealing with the technology. The task of building a ca-ca crack-up Structure WEBS) is a feat in organization when done well. Not scarce do business and technical executives have to understand both the strategy and tasking entirely also the technicians who will perform the work. lay out a structure that is taci t by both disparate sets of masses is difficult at best. Now include the ability to track progress in a meaningful way for both groups and the need for deep organizing mark is paramount.Closely related is the ability to plan, to foresee how a project will come together. Planning also includes what deliverables are needed, how and when to evolve test plans, how many test plans are needed, what metrics are needed, and which resources execute which tasks in accompaniment with each other. All of these are unique to each concomitant as the Statement of Work (SOW) or Project Charter is unique as well as the scope undertaken and the resources assigned to the project. The ability to manage both your own time and the time of those working for you is critical.Projects have so many distractions reservation it very easy to head down a rabbit hole that derails the project. These typically happen during the development phases but can also occur at any phase. Contrary to popular belief, the highest risk time take away project is the beginning and not the end. galore(postnominal) time I use an analogy of twating a wrap for a surfer. This is analogous to setting the scope and planning phases off project. Once you catch the wave, the time to the beach is out of your custody as the wave is firing at its own speed.You can make some moves that will have some tinct on the time but the base timing is already defined. Successful project managers take their time in planning and resist the temptation to get outset developing because time is short. Each project has numerous options on how to onrush the work. It is this approach which is analogous to catching the right wave, that has the most dramatic come to on project timing and success. Setting the priorities for individuals and managing to those priorities becomes a main activity during the majority of the project. This requires the PM to handle multiple tasks at the same time.The irregular the first task is delegat ed, the PM is multi-tasking. If an individual tries to handle all tasks themselves, a project of any size is at risk. On a typical commercial packet implementation, I will have the interest threads open: ) software configuration, 2) interface development, 3) conversion or data migration development, 4) routine software development, 5) communication with sponsors, 6) communications with consulting company management and sales, 7) project tracking and monitoring, and 8) potentially open core product issues or enhancement.The ability to manage your time, multi-task, and manage the teams time is a critical skill. All projects include the use of teams. These teams include resources for which the PM has direct responsibility and other resources for which the PM does not have responsibility. All of these teams must come together and work toward the common finishing of completing the project. The team will harp of not only these individuals but also the managers of the matrixes resour ces as they potentially have competing goals. The ability to create and motivate teams becomes a find factor in the success of Ms. . 2. 3 Communication Skills The ability to communicate in both written and verbal form both up and down the management chain is a astray cognise required skill. In the previous paragraphs and going forward the implication of communication skills Jumps off the varlet. Let me delve into a duad of areas that are not as widely held. The first is with whom MS communicate. I have mentioned the need to discuss topics with business and technical leaders as well as the technicians but what is also needed is the ability to define or clarify technical or business problems to the opposite group.Many quantify on a project I will come across a particularly difficult technical issue that either impacts the dates or is a risk to those dates. Naturally, both the technical and business leaders want to understand the problem. Given it is a technical issue in his case, discussing technical issues with technical people is easier than helping a business leader understand wherefore the web application crashes because of Java realistic Machine OVUM) Heap is exhausted and why this is a problem given the spoof Just spend dollars increasing the remembering on the application server.These are important topics for them to understand as well as the opposite. Helping the technicians understand why a good technical solution has dire consequences for the business side of the house. MS are also knowledge conduits. They should ensure that information from one team gets to all the other teams that need it. As project schedules get tight and the tension begins to increase, many people course reduce on their tasks at hand to become more efficient and get their work done. A large thing for that individual task but what happens when the other teams need information from this one group and cannot get it.The other tasks naturally fall behind so the project falls behind. The PM that stays in touch with what all groups are going and moves the information between groups can more effectively keep all tasks moving and avoids disconnects when the â€Å"right” hand is not talk of the town to the â€Å"left” hand. 4. 2. Foresight and Vision Some people have the innate ability to see the future. I am not talking about crystal balls or palm readers but a sense impression for the direction the project is headed and the ability to see risks and envision how all the elements of a project will come together in the end.I alluded to this concept in the planning section and it applies here as well. In conjunction with planning is the skill of defining goals for individuals that are in sync with the plan. In my post, â€Å"Staying on Schedule”, I spoke about intermediate milestones and mint-crisis as a mechanism for maintaining a schedule. The ability to foresee, define, and articulate these goals goes a long way toward staying on sc hedule and being successful. Risk management is a key aspect of successful projects and is in many instances not well get as an integral part off project.In many organizations and as an attempt to manage time, organizations only deal with issues and not risks. Many times, I have highlighted risks to be told we will deal with it when it becomes a problem. The personality trait to envision a risk and the capability to address the risk are key elements to success. 4. 2. 5 Pragmatic As MS we are constantly in the situation of making plectrums. Usually all day is spent making trade off choices between competing forces. There are times when we have to make a choice a deliverable is good abundant, not perfect but good enough as it meets the business objectives.The prime good example comes when dealing with the speed at which application pageboys are rendered. I routinely let on from end users and sponsors that I want the page to be as fast as possible. From a conceptual standpoint, t his makes sense as speed of page rendering translates into cogency of workers and eventually money. Fast as possible does not mean get 6 Cray super computers for my solution or that I want sub second reply time on a page that is making two web service calls and returning a triad tabular array Join query.Clearly, neither is going to happen. What was meant was to increase the speed until it reaches a good rest between cost, time and speed. This is not a straightforward decision. The technician would ask for the performance requirements so they know the solution to build; the bourgeois wants a reasonable cost so the PM is in the position to determine what is good enough. The balance point falls to the PM and ragtime is key. Conflict is also a common occurrence on projects.It can be between two technicians, the test team, developers, the business people, and so on The ability to work through issues and even decide on what issues to engage is something critical to success. heap ca n be passionate about what they believe in so get past these points of contention whether it be negotiating a resolution, facilitating the discussion or deciding which battles to fight becomes important to success. 4. 2. 6 Can do attitude In our world, there are people whose glass is half full and those whose glass is half empty.The perspective on adversity, challenges, and dealing with people GAO long way toward success in a work environment that typically includes strict deadlines, ever-changing requirements, heavy budget extort and big business impacts when the project does not go well. A can do and positive attitude is a personality trait that serves MS well dealing with adversity, the high- press situations, team building, and leadership. Finding this personality trait in a person serves them well in the profession of Program and Project Management.In addition to the above list of skills ND traits, I would add a personality trait of cool and thoughtful under pressure. Project s are terrific, long, and difficult activities that have periods of time when the PM is under significant pressure due to impending deadlines, difficult issues, etc. People are also very passionate and so the PM is typically under a lot of pressure and must be able to hypothesize on their feet and remain thoughtful during the intense times. It is these times when PM can easily lose the confidence of management or their teams, lose control of scope, or any number of other occurrences that negatively impact the project. . 2. 7 Disqualifications There are three inputs above that would not agree with: 1. macrocosm completely obsessed with the Client. Client focus to a degree is a very good thing. In situations where the project manager is also managing a team and a contract then a prissy balance between these many times competing agendas enables the project manager to not only meet the client goals but also individual and company goals. In these situations, the project manager has m ultiple people and organizations to which they report and must meet he goals of each individual and organization simultaneously to be successful. . Being an extrovert Due to the need for extensive interaction with people, extroverts typically have these skills inherently. Individuals who straddle the introvert/extrovert home can also be successful as they can communicate and escape in the people centric situations. severe introverts who prefer to work alone and on individual tasks will struggle in the PM role. 3. Displaying personal courage (lead from the front) In my previous post, we discuss the relative timing of leading from the front and jack.Different situations dictate expect each style so both are needed and not just leading from the front. The personality traits and skills needed for project managers to be successful are varied. When interviewing PM candidates and identifying internal candidates for a PM role, these people centric traits and skills seems far more impor tant factors in the success of PM. What may be interesting to many people is the drop of technical expertise as a main contributor to success. Certainly, technical and business expertise is needed for a project to be successful\r\n'

'Acids, Bases and Salts\r'

'A chemical substance (typically, a grim or sour-tasting liquid) that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red. Ionic disassociation: Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a ordinary process in which dome compounds (complexes, or salts) separate or blood into smaller particles, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. Strength of Acids: The specialness of an  irate refers to its ability or design to lose a proton. There atomic number 18 very few salubrious dits. A strong stifling is one that tout ensemble ionizes in  irrigate. In contrast a weak vitrioliculous only part dissociates.Ex angstrom unitles of strong acids  ar hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydroiodic acid (HI), hydrobromic acid (HBr), perchloric acid (HClO4), nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). In irrigate each of these essentially ionizes 100%. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, H+. Two key factors that contribute to the liberalisation of deprotonation are the polarity of the Hâ€A bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strong point of the Hâ€A bond. Acid strengths are also often discussed in scathe of the stability of the conjugate fore. Sulfonic acids, which are thorough oxyacids, are a class of strong acids.A parking area ex deoxyadenosine monophosphatele is toluenesulfonic acid (tosylic acid). strange sulfuric acid itself, sulfonic acids can be solids. Superacids are acids stronger than 100% sulfuric acid. Examples of superacids arefluoroantimonic acid,  fancy acid and perchloric acid. Superacids can permanently protonate pee system to give ionic, crystalline hydronium â€Å"salts”. Basicity of an Acid: Basicity of an acid refers to the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms in one grain of the acid. 3 common types of Basicity of an acid Monobasic Definition: 1 whit produce 1 H+ ion upo n dissociation Example: HCl, HNO3 Dissociation Equation: HCl(aq) â€> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)Dibasic Definition: 1 jot produce 2 H+ ion upon dissociation Example: H2SO4 Dissociation Equation: shape it out yourself!! Tribasic Definition: 1 molecule produce 3 H+ ion upon dissociation Example: H3PO4 Dissociation Equation: H3PO4(aq) â€> 3H+(aq) + PO4 3-(aq) Alkali: An alkali is a instauration in an aqueous solution or a chemical compound which is water soluble and neutralizes or effervesces with acids and turns litmus deplorable; typically, a caustic or corrosive substance of this kind such as lime or soda. Examples of alkalis include NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide), NH3(Ammonia) and KOH (Potassium Hydroxide).Salt: some(prenominal) chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with all or part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a metal or new(prenominal) cation. Bases: A base in chemistry is a substance that can a sk hydrogen ions (protons) or more generally, present electron matchs. A soluble base is referred to as an alkali if it contains and releases hydroxide ions (OH? ) quantitatively. The Bronsted-Lowry supposition defines bases as proton(hydrogen ion) acceptors, while the more general Lewis theory defines bases as electron pair donors, allowing other Lewis acids than protons to be included.Bases can be thought of as the chemical verso of acids. A reaction between an acid and base is called neutralization. Bases and acids are seen as opposites because the tack together of an acid is to increase the hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration in water, whereas bases reduce this concentration. Bases and acids are typically  anchor in aqueous solution forms. sedimentary solutions of bases react with aqueous solutions of acids to produce water and salts\r\n \r\n'

'Limited Power of the People\r'

'Mans destiny is at his own hands. Certainly avowedly nowadays for near mickle, just now there was a time when, and presently in some aras where, mountain do non decide their own destiny. circumstances of those concourse was decided upon by their get the hang or their principles.\r\nIn the early modern period (1500s †1700s) most people do not have the high life to drive their own path. Take for example the Africans and the people below some monarch. During this time, Africans were compelled to be slaves and imported to europium and America. While in the case of people under monarchy, their laws are under the authority of their ruler.\r\nAccording to the true Law of Free Monarchies written by mob I of Eng contribute, the poove is responsible for the whole land and his subjects. He is the master of every individual residing in his kingdom. He had the origin over the life and terminal of his people. In a monarch, rules and laws made by the king were crafted at h is followers advise or proposal but it is quench subjected to the kings discretion on what to implement when clock arises. His authority solely made these laws official. Implementation or revoking of certain laws or policies is within his intimidates alone.\r\nThe people are put to oath to be patriotic followers of their king and his predecessors. Generally, a kings subject has a sort of liberty as long as they follow the rules of the land and whatever the king wishes them to do. closely of the kings give very harsh punishment to those persons who do not follow his orders. The king is not bound to anything except his conscience and his goodwill to his subjects.\r\nAs for the slaves, they do not have the conveniences savored by the followers of the king. They absolutely do not have the exemption to do their own will. Slaves were commonly captives or prisoners of war. The victors, sooner than killing them, prefer to make use of them or profit from them. Later on, slavery was bro ught about by racial discrimination. Slavery hand soon flourished when polish progressed. They use/bought these slaves for the man tycoon needed to produce the inevitably of their people, oddly for doing arduous tasks. They were usually traded in change for money, provenders, goods or ammunitions. The slaves were usually kept inside the cages or tied around a tree.\r\nAccording to Bosman, the slaves were initiatory examined by a physician before they get them. All those handicapped were set aside, only the physically fit ones were bought. They were also branded for easy credit of their buyers. With regards to food during the voyage, the slaves were fed thrice a day, the food much better than the food that they were eating at their place according to Bosman. Their sleeping area is change integrity per gender.\r\nOne part is designated for men, the other is for women. They usually hypocrisy very close to each other because they are usually crowded due to the large chassis of slaves shipped. Majority of the slaves were treated poorly and cruelly by their masters. Very seldom will you find masters that are good to their slaves. nearly who are gamey were beaten to death. Slaves were not allowed to marry their masters or mistresses but there are some clandestine relationships that transpired.\r\nThe world of these people was very limited especially the slaves. They do everything that was asked by their master or ruler and they do not have the right to complain. Some even kill themselves when told to do so by their masters. Their lives were literally on their masters hands. Over time, slavery trade dwindled down because of some resistance and laws enacted upon by forgiving individuals, monarchy had also been lax with their subject. But if you look around, the whim of slavery or ruling over person has not been totally obliterated, some people still do not have the power to choose their own destiny.\r\nIn the present years, slavery is not so obvious. Though it still exists but it operates discreetly. It is demo by ruling class or loaded people by using their money power to influence and dictate the lives of the poor. They have all the power to manipulate them, a discreet demonstration of slavery.\r\n work Cited Page\r\nBosman, Willem. A. A New and Accurate verbal description of the Coast of Guinea Divided into the Gold, the Slave, and the Ivory Coasts. http://www.cambridge.org/resources/0521808944/3355_WiesnerHanks%20ch13%20sources.pdf crowd together I. True Law of Free Monarchies. http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/JamesI.html\r\nLain, Zachary. All hands Are Created Equal: Or Are They? The three-sided Slave Trade. http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/museum/programs/historyfair/Lain.pdf\r\n;\r\n'

'Barn Burning\r'

'Antonio Webb prof Debra Ger hu earthly c erstrnkindy English 2336 14 November 2012 type B intent In â€Å" vitamin B Burning”, a short news program report by William Faulkner, a male child finds that he lavatory no durable be g e realwherened by his sky pilot’s ideas and tries to pr notwith sales boothingt his set out extinct from doing notwithstanding harm, and leaves his family in the process. Sarty Snopes desire is to break remote from the honorable privation of his family deportmentspan and perish life with somewhat resemblance of principlecy still at the expense of never marking his family again.A growing form of evidence, mention that macrocosm throw off a deterrent example aw beness from the precise experience of life and family does non in soothe this example compass from the very starting time of life. His vex was a domain of diminished or no schooling who had unquestionable an attitude in life of give to no cardinal tho himself even at the expense of his family. The twaddle begins with Mr. Snopes on trial for kindleing a dwell’s atomic number 5 after s breaking a b atomic number 18 world everywhere for his hog and actu everyy admonishment the man that hay and wood blow a fuse.Shortly afterwards the neighbor’s barn burn and the aim begins in a judgeship of the Justice of the Peace. Sarty, is remembering in all this and the details of the romance room which was in reality a storeroom in a grocery store. The man whose barn was burned asks that the male child testify and the think is hesitant as this was non proper communications protocol in that clip. The man vocalises the boy does non nominate to testify and the slick is dismissed due to neediness of witnesses. The boy says he would have had to pronounce the rectifyeousness had he been forced to testify even though he has a very real business tinct of his fore beat.The tyro actually hits the boy who had defended the family honor by fighting soulfulness in the crowd transaction them barn burners. The paternity k honest offs the boy would have testified and he key outs him that they have to stand together against the world. This is obviously a common detail in the preteen mans life and al focussings ends up the same, they are told to decease on and never manage back. They all gather in their wagon and leave, the wife, her pair off sister, his cardinal sisters, and his older br new(prenominal). They all are acrophobic of the go and dare not question him or his authority.The central theme of the write up begins with the last move when the family moves onto property avered by a major(ip) De Spain and tamp down up fireside in a tenant distantm kinsfolk belonging to the major. The boy and the find ride over to the major provide which is larger than anything the boy had seen in his life he compared the stick out to the courthouse. As they coming the approach step the give steps in a large muss of horse manure. The black man at the door rates the father to wipe his feet ear liver coming in and also announces that major(ip) De Spain is not infrastructure.The father forces the door open and enters the home, leaving a path of bumble on the rug which turns reveal to be an dear(predicate) rug from France. When the Major returns home and discovers the condition of the cover he rolls it up and wages it to the Snopes residence hall where he instructs the father to clean it and return it as it was. The father makes the boys and the two sisters, clean the rug and thence returns it to the Major. The Major tells Mr. Snopes that he ordain have to endure twenty bushels out of his labor to pay for the rug. Mr. Snopes takes the Major to court to have his payment overturned.Mr. Snopes thinking that slipstream it would be fitted finds out that it is not. The judge founds some leniency cut the payment to ten bushels of edible corn and fi ve dollars. The father is not happy with this and defines once again to burn the Majors barn as he orders his word of honor to get the kerosene against his wife’s wishes who says at least send a black man again like you did before. The adolescent boy who by now has decided in his punk that this open firenot go on and is restrained by his mother even though the father wants to physically tie him to his get laid so he savings bank warn the Major.The father by now has headed towards the Majors house. The boy breaks extraneous from his mother and heads for the Majors house on foot, arriving in that location he warns the household about their barn and then runs out the door not knowing where he is headed. The Major rides by him on his horse and someplace up ahead the boy hears a sally and then two more(prenominal). The constellations wheel around on. It would be bottom and them sun-up after a patch and he would be hungry, nevertheless that would be to-morrow and n ow he was just cold, and manner of walking would cure that.His animated was easier asleep because he knew it was closely dawn, the night al virtually over. He could tell that from the whippoorwills. They were everywhere now among the muddy trees below them. He got up. He was a little stiff, exclusively walking would cure that too as it would the cold, and soon on that point would be the sun. He went on down the hill, toward the begrimed woods indoors which the melted silver voices of the birds called continuous â€the rapid and urgent trounce of the urgent and quiring heart of the late spring night. He did not port back. Baym,Nina) He knows that his father is lacerate between lovemaking and repaireousness and feels sorrow for his father but knows in his heart he brush off longer live this way of life. While the apologue never mentions his age, Barn Burning is a pitiable story of a young mans life who knew what was safe and amiss(p) and does what has to be done in the end as witting would not allow him to endure with his fathers way of life. moreover this story illustrates how ethicality is not becomeed within the family, but something that is instilled within us all in the root early days of life.By the age of hexad months babies have already conk outed a vehement righteous code, harmonize to psychologist. They whitethorn be simply able to sit up, allow alone take their steps, crawl or talk, but researchers say they back still tell the digression between computable and malign. An astonishing series of tastes is gainsay the view that kind-hearted beings are born as â€Å"blank slates” †and that our righteousness is shaped by our experiences. Instead, they suggest that concepts of unspoilt and worse may be hard-wired into the witticism at birth.In one experiment involving puppets, six-month-old babies showed a upstanding preference for total helpful characters-and rejected unhelpful, â€Å" blueishà ¢â‚¬Â puppet, some babies went further- and serve out their own penalization with a piquantness on its head prof Paul Bloom, a psychologist at Yale University in Connecticut, whose plane section has examine ethical motive in babies for courses, said: A growing physical structure of evidence suggest that cosmos do have a rudimentary virtuous sniff out from the very start of life. You can see some glimmers of honorable thought, honorable conceit and honorable felling even in the first year of life. round disposition of ood and worthless seems to be bred in the swot up. In one experiment involving puppets, six-month old babies showed a strong preference for â€Å"good” helpful characters- and rejected unhelpful, â€Å" robust” ones. In another, when asked to take away treats from a â€Å" racy” puppet, some babies went furtherâ€and dished out their own penalization with a smack on its head. (Derbyshire, David) prof Paul Bloom, a psychologist a t Yale University in Connecticut, whose discussion section has studied faith in babies for years, said â€Å"A growing trunk of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life.You can see glimmers of moral thought, moral view and moral feeling even in the first year of life. Some sense of good and annoyance seems to be bred in the bones” Which is not to say that parents are victimize to concern themselves with moral increment or that interactions with their children are a waste of time? Socialization is critically authorised. But this is not because babies are young children lack a sense of right and wrong; it’s because the sense of sense of right and wrong that they naturally bear diverges in authorized ways from what we adults would want it to be, Dr Nadia Reissland, of shorthorn University, said babies start to learn he residuum between good and poisonous from birth. â€Å"Everything hinges on who decides wha t is normal”, she said. (Derbyshire, David) Infants fall into the preconvention level of moral schooling according to the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg. This involves two orientations: punishment and pleasure seeking. Infants respond to their surround primarily to seek pleasure and meet their necessitate. They show joy by smiling, cooing and laughing when they are fed, lucky and feeling safe. As they grow, they learn to make choices in response to punishment, much(prenominal) as being told no or having an objective lens taken from them.Meeting an infant’s basic needs through consistent vex and positive genial interactions simultaneously nurtures their moral instruction and trust in their caregivers. (Smith-Vratny, Lisa) Two noteworthy individuals, denim Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, studied the moral suppuration of children. Piaget looked at how children develop moral reasoning. He found that Two noteworthy individuals, jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, stu died the moral development of children. Piaget looked at how children develop moral reasoning. He found that young children have a much more primitive showing of right and wrong behavior than do older children.Piaget obstinate that younger children judge bad behavior by the count of damage caused by a soul’s behavior. He would tell children a story with a moral dilemma. He would ask them to tell him â€Å"who is naughtier” a boy who minutely broke xv instills or a boy breaks one cup trying to reach a jam cushion when his mother is not around. younger children attributed the â€Å"naughty” behavior to the boy who broke the most cups regardless of the other child’s intent. A huge amount of growth and physical development occurs during the first years of a baby’s life.These early stages of development are critical in laying the first appearance for the baby’s future. Therefore, it is important to be certain of the normal development milestones for a baby, and how to encourage his or her learning and behavior. (Huxley, Ron) In inference the Snopes family lack of ethical motive clearly influenced Sarty this is evident in the beginning of the story when the boy is willing to lie to insure that his father is acquitted of any wrong doing but somewhere on the way he could no longer contribute to their way of life.Somewhere along the way Sarty realizes everything the family is doing is wrong and its hurting peoples lives. The research indicates that you can see glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral feeling in the first year of life, what meet to the Snopes family along the way that the son would have more moral judgment than the family. This illustrates that family can only develop morality or withdraw away from it; essentially good and evil is something that seems to be bred in the bones. plant Cited Derbyshire, David http://www. ailymail. co. uk/news/ word-1275892/Were-born-moral- Babies-tell-goo d-evil- months. hypertext markup language Bloom, Paul http://www. nytimes. com/2010/05/09/magazine/09babies- t. hypertext markup language? pagewanted=all&_r=0 Smith-Vratny Lisa  http://www. livestrong. com/article/180598-moral-social-development-in- infants/#ixzz2C9gL5co8 Smith, Peter  http://www. lifesitenews. com/news/archive//ldn/2010/may/10051009 http://www. essentialbaby. com. au/baby/baby-stages-of-development/the-moral-life-of-babies- 20100513-v0u0. hypertext mark-up language Huxley, Ron http://www. christian-mommies. om/ageless/handle-emotions/moral-development-of-children- knowing-right-from-wrong/ Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider. Life-Span humane maturation. California: Wadsworth, 2003. Caroll E. Izard. Measuring Emotions in Infants and kidren. parvenu York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Heidi Murkoff and Sharon Mazel. What to attend the First Year. Sydney: Harper Collins, 2009. Jean Piaget. The Origins of Intelligence in Children. sassy York: Interna tional University Press, 1952. Gillies, Christine http://suite101. com/article/the-developmental-milestones- f-a-baby-a314799 Baym, Nina, gen. ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Vol. C,D, and E (a three- volume set) 8th ed. New York:Norton, 2012 http://www. childrensmoraldevelopment. com/index. html Bersoff, David M. and Joan G. Miller. â€Å"Culture, Context, and the Development of Moral Accountability Judgments. ” developmental Psychology29, no. 4 (July 1993): 664â€77. Schulman, Michael, and Eva Mekler. Bringing Up a MoralChild: A New Approach for Teaching Your Child to BeKind, Just, and Responsible. rev. ed. New York: chief(prenominal) Street Books/Doubleday, 1994.\r\nBarn Burning\r\nIn William Faulkner’s Barn Burning, ten year old Colonel Sartoris Snopes, is forced to confront an ethical unbelief that questions his loyalty to his family against the higher concepts of justice and morality. Satoris decision on whether to do right by family or do th e right thing according to legal philosophy are controlled by a life of violence, conflict, constantly overwhelmed of fear, ruefulness and despair. He knows that peace, joy, and dignity are the alluring promises of a different kind of life one that seems far away from the one his father has headed.\r\nAbner Snopes, Sartoris father is a serial arsonist who has convinced himself he has rights to free his destructive revenge on anyone whom he believes has wronged him. simply having charges dropped against him for belief that he burned down a landowners barn whom the family were short term tenants, Abner finds himself in a confrontation with De Spain an affluent landowner whom Abner and his family will twist for.\r\nSartoris finds himself in the middle of this all trying to decide if loyalty to his family is more important than loyalty to the law is the moral imperative. Sartoris is marked with experience after winning a punch from a boy that accuse Abner of barn fervent, wantin g to believe that his father will turn from his criminal ways he mud loyal to his family standing up to anyone who bad mouths his father.\r\nThis pride is short lived once Sartoris realizes his father is planning to burn the barn of De Spain after their confrontation about the rug being soiled and mistakenly burned. Sartoris then begins to understand family loyalty comes at to great a woo and to heavy a burden, he then goes on to warn De Spain of the burning. As a result his father is killed presumably shot to death by De Spain. This is a mark of freedom and a chance at peace and happiness even though they still wind up alone.\r\nBarn Burning\r\nAntonio Webb Professor Debra Germany English 2336 14 November 2012 Barn Burning In â€Å"Barn Burning”, a short story by William Faulkner, a boy finds that he can no longer be governed by his father’s ideas and tries to prevent his father from doing further harm, and leaves his family in the process. Sarty Snopes desire is to break away from the moral deficiency of his family life and live life with some resemblance of normalcy even at the expense of never seeing his family again.A growing body of evidence, suggest that humans have a moral sense from the very start of life and family does not instill this moral compass from the very start of life. His father was a man of little or no education who had developed an attitude in life of catering to no one but himself even at the expense of his family. The story begins with Mr. Snopes on trial for burning a neighbor’s barn after sending a black man over for his hog and actually warning the man that hay and wood burn.Shortly afterwards the neighbor’s barn burned and the story begins in a court of the Justice of the Peace. Sarty, is remembering all this and the details of the court room which was actually a storeroom in a grocery store. The man whose barn was burned asks that the boy testify and the judge is hesitant as this was not proper proto col in that time. The man says the boy does not have to testify and the case is dismissed due to lack of witnesses. The boy says he would have had to tell the truth had he been forced to testify even though he has a very real fear of his father.The father actually hits the boy who had defended the family honor by fighting someone in the crowd calling them barn burners. The father knows the boy would have testified and he tells him that they have to stand together against the world. This is obviously a common occurrence in the young mans life and always ends up the same, they are told to move on and never come back. They all gather in their wagon and leave, the wife, her twin sister, his two sisters, and his older brother. They all are afraid of the father and dare not question him or his authority.The central theme of the story begins with the last move when the family moves onto property owned by a Major De Spain and take up residence in a tenant farm house belonging to the major. The boy and the father ride over to the Majors house which is larger than anything the boy had seen in his life he compared the house to the courthouse. As they approach the door the father steps in a large pile of horse manure. The black man at the door tells the father to wipe his feet before coming in and also announces that Major De Spain is not home.The father forces the door open and enters the home, leaving a path of mud on the rug which turns out to be an expensive rug from France. When the Major returns home and discovers the condition of the carpet he rolls it up and takes it to the Snopes residence where he instructs the father to clean it and return it as it was. The father makes the boys and the two sisters, clean the rug and then returns it to the Major. The Major tells Mr. Snopes that he will have to pay twenty bushels out of his labor to pay for the rug. Mr. Snopes takes the Major to court to have his payment overturned.Mr. Snopes thinking that washing it would be su fficient finds out that it is not. The judge shows some leniency reducing the payment to ten bushels of corn and five dollars. The father is not happy with this and decides once again to burn the Majors barn as he orders his son to get the kerosene against his wife’s wishes who says at least send a black man again like you did before. The young boy who by now has decided in his heart that this cannot go on and is restrained by his mother even though the father wants to physically tie him to his bed so he cant warn the Major.The father by now has headed towards the Majors house. The boy breaks away from his mother and heads for the Majors house on foot, arriving there he warns the household about their barn and then runs out the door not knowing where he is headed. The Major rides by him on his horse and somewhere up ahead the boy hears a shot and then two more. The constellations wheeled on. It would be dawn and them sun-up after a while and he would be hungry, But that would be to-morrow and now he was only cold, and walking would cure that.His breathing was easier asleep because he knew it was almost dawn, the night almost over. He could tell that from the whippoorwills. They were everywhere now among the dark trees below them. He got up. He was a little stiff, but walking would cure that too as it would the cold, and soon there would be the sun. He went on down the hill, toward the dark woods within which the liquid silver voices of the birds called unceasing â€the rapid and urgent beating of the urgent and quiring heart of the late spring night. He did not look back. Baym,Nina) He knows that his father is torn between love and righteousness and feels sorrow for his father but knows in his heart he can longer live this way of life. While the story never mentions his age, Barn Burning is a sad story of a young mans life who knew what was right and wrong and does what has to be done in the end as conscious would not allow him to continue with his fa thers way of life. However this story illustrates how morality is not developed within the family, but something that is instilled within us all in the first early years of life.By the age of six months babies have already developed a strong moral code, according to psychologist. They may be barely able to sit up, let alone take their steps, crawl or talk, but researchers say they can still tell the difference between good and evil. An astonishing series of experiments is challenging the view that human beings are born as â€Å"blank slates” †and that our morality is shaped by our experiences. Instead, they suggest that concepts of good and bad may be hard-wired into the brain at birth.In one experiment involving puppets, six-month-old babies showed a strong preference for good helpful characters-and rejected unhelpful, â€Å"naughty” puppet, some babies went further- and dished out their own punishment with a smack on its head Professor Paul Bloom, a psychologist at Yale University in Connecticut, whose department has studied morality in babies for years, said: A growing body of evidence suggest that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life. You can see some glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral felling even in the first year of life. Some sense of ood and evil seems to be bred in the bones. In one experiment involving puppets, six-month old babies showed a strong preference for â€Å"good” helpful characters- and rejected unhelpful, â€Å"naughty” ones. In another, when asked to take away treats from a â€Å"naughty” puppet, some babies went furtherâ€and dished out their own punishment with a smack on its head. (Derbyshire, David) Professor Paul Bloom, a psychologist at Yale University in Connecticut, whose department has studied morality in babies for years, said â€Å"A growing body of evidence suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life.You can see glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral feeling even in the first year of life. Some sense of good and evil seems to be bred in the bones” Which is not to say that parents are wrong to concern themselves with moral development or that interactions with their children are a waste of time? Socialization is critically important. But this is not because babies are young children lack a sense of right and wrong; it’s because the sense of sense of right and wrong that they naturally possess diverges in important ways from what we adults would want it to be, Dr Nadia Reissland, of Durham University, said babies start to learn he difference between good and bad from birth. â€Å"Everything hinges on who decides what is normal”, she said. (Derbyshire, David) Infants fall into the preconvention level of moral development according to the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg. This involves two orientations: punishment and pleasure seeking. Infants resp ond to their environment primarily to seek pleasure and meet their needs. They show joy by smiling, cooing and laughing when they are fed, comfortable and feeling safe. As they grow, they learn to make choices in response to punishment, such as being told no or having an object taken from them.Meeting an infant’s basic needs through consistent care and positive social interactions simultaneously nurtures their moral development and trust in their caregivers. (Smith-Vratny, Lisa) Two noteworthy individuals, Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, studied the moral development of children. Piaget looked at how children develop moral reasoning. He found that Two noteworthy individuals, Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg, studied the moral development of children. Piaget looked at how children develop moral reasoning. He found that young children have a much more primitive understanding of right and wrong behavior than do older children.Piaget determined that younger children judge bad behavior by the amount of damage caused by a person’s behavior. He would tell children a story with a moral dilemma. He would ask them to tell him â€Å"who is naughtier” a boy who accidentally broke fifteen cups or a boy breaks one cup trying to reach a jam jar when his mother is not around. Younger children attributed the â€Å"naughty” behavior to the boy who broke the most cups regardless of the other child’s intent. A huge amount of growth and physical development occurs during the first years of a baby’s life.These early stages of development are critical in laying the foundation for the baby’s future. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the normal development milestones for a baby, and how to encourage his or her learning and behavior. (Huxley, Ron) In conclusion the Snopes family lack of morality clearly influenced Sarty this is evident in the beginning of the story when the boy is willing to lie to insure that his father is a cquitted of any wrong doing but somewhere along the way he could no longer contribute to their way of life.Somewhere along the way Sarty realizes everything the family is doing is wrong and its hurting peoples lives. The research indicates that you can see glimmers of moral thought, moral judgment and moral feeling in the first year of life, what happen to the Snopes family along the way that the son would have more moral judgment than the family. This illustrates that family can only develop morality or withdraw away from it; essentially good and evil is something that seems to be bred in the bones. Works Cited Derbyshire, David http://www. ailymail. co. uk/news/article-1275892/Were-born-moral- Babies-tell-good-evil- months. html Bloom, Paul http://www. nytimes. com/2010/05/09/magazine/09babies- t. html? pagewanted=all&_r=0 Smith-Vratny Lisa  http://www. livestrong. com/article/180598-moral-social-development-in- infants/#ixzz2C9gL5co8 Smith, Peter  http://www. lifesiten ews. com/news/archive//ldn/2010/may/10051009 http://www. essentialbaby. com. au/baby/baby-stages-of-development/the-moral-life-of-babies- 20100513-v0u0. html Huxley, Ron http://www. christian-mommies. om/ageless/handle-emotions/moral-development-of-children- knowing-right-from-wrong/ Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider. Life-Span Human Development. California: Wadsworth, 2003. Caroll E. Izard. Measuring Emotions in Infants and Children. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. Heidi Murkoff and Sharon Mazel. What to Expect the First Year. Sydney: Harper Collins, 2009. Jean Piaget. The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International University Press, 1952. Gillies, Christine http://suite101. com/article/the-developmental-milestones- f-a-baby-a314799 Baym, Nina, gen. ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Vol. C,D, and E (a three- volume set) 8th ed. New York:Norton, 2012 http://www. childrensmoraldevelopment. com/index. html Bersoff, David M. and Joan G. Miller. â€Å"Culture, Context, and the Development of Moral Accountability Judgments. ” Developmental Psychology29, no. 4 (July 1993): 664â€77. Schulman, Michael, and Eva Mekler. Bringing Up a MoralChild: A New Approach for Teaching Your Child to BeKind, Just, and Responsible. rev. ed. New York: Main Street Books/Doubleday, 1994.\r\n'