What Impact Did the Major Political, Economic and Social Changes of the Meiji Restoration Have on Japan?

Japan’s goal of achieving fukoku kyohei, â€Å"rich country; strong military†, fuelled major political, economic and social changes during the Meiji Restoration. By the 20th century, Japan had a modern constitution and national parliament, though it was not truly democratic. The modernization of the nation also made Japan richer and more economically stable, with a structured education system. Japan, an impotent, closed feudal state, was transformed into a formidable nation focused on nationalism. In attempt to acquire strength and unity in the government, political changes focused on creating a centralized government and a western constitution. In consequence, the Japanese government became more united and organized. As the western nations were the most influential countries at the time, Japan believed that following a western example would prove most effective. In order to create a fully centralized government, feudalism was ended. The government was then able to establish power over all of the 260 feudal domains. The court nobles and the feudal lords were given the same rank†¦compelled to hand back (land). † (Miocevich, 25) The use of the word ‘compelled’ suggests that there was some dissension within the government. There was also argument over public voice and the style of the constitution. As a result, the first constitution was abandoned, leading to the creation of a second Meiji Constitution in 1889. Although the government was still under imper ial rule, it was slowly moving towards democracy, as a Prussian parliamentary system was adopted. Regardless, various parties were still excluded from political influence, as the oligarchy, ruling in the emperor’s name, continued to hold significant authority. The constitution did however foster a more organized and united government in Japan. During 1883, the Progressive Party founded by Okuma, which opposed the constitutional model, fell apart. All political parties eventually unified under one government. These changes provided Japan with the unity and strength it needed to transform itself, a victim, into one of the powerful aggressors. The economic changes that occurred in Japan focused on increasing revenue and in turn, helped Japan achieve its goal in becoming a richer nation with stronger defenses. With industrialization as a key aim in Japan’s economy, the shokusan koygo, a government policy that encouraged economic freedom, was developed. Infrastructure was also tightened, as a new banking system was developed, modern communications were constructed, and an official currency was adopted and issued. Lastly, in order to acquire more revenue, a new land tax was introduced, while the government also began allowing and promoting the purchase of certain industries from private companies in the Zaibatsu. By the end of the Meiji Restoration, Japan, as â€Å"one of the world’s largest produces of coal and exporters of copper† (Miocevich, 26), definitely possessed a progressive and prosperous economy. The land tax, which contributed to 78% of the nation’s income in 1868, had decreased to 30% by 1897. Miocevich, 27) This indicates that Japan was now receiving a constant flow of revenue by other means, such as the Zaibatsu. The nation was now economically stable, and had transitioned into an aggressive and successful nation. Japan’s triumph in both the Sino-Japanese War in 1894 and Russo-Japanese War in 1904 further confirmed Japan’s new and seemingly indestructible defenses. The Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) gave Japan â€Å"most-favored nation rights in China, a privilege long desired. †(Miocevich, 34) The Treaty of the Portsmouth (1905) gave Japan â€Å"the lease of the Liaotung Peninsula†. Miocevich, 37) Japan would have never been able to demand these advantages if it had not conquered China and Russia. By the end of the Meiji Restoration, Japan had taken its inevitable part in the international scene. As the government and economy adjusted, the society took on many changes as well, such as the adoption of the Western culture, a reform in the education system, and the instillation of nationalism in Japan. The desire to be perceived as an equal by Westerners resulted in the adoption of the Western culture in the Japanese society. There were changes in the fashion as well as food and cuisine. Western-style haircuts were ubiquitous in the Japanese streets during 1870, while the introduction to bread, beef and dairy products made their way to the community subsequently. With the aim of a modernized society, the Meiji government also found an organized education system a vital aspect, thus instituting the Terokoya system. This change in education also launched the establishment of the Ministry of Education, which had an aim of providing education for all people. In 1868, almost 13,000 terakoyas were constructed with 837,000 students. (Miocevich, 30) By 1910, an immense advancement was made, as 98% of Japanese students were given compulsory education. (Miocevich, 30) Clearly, the Japanese had made education a priority. Finally, nationalism was probably the most prominent change in the Japanese society during the Meiji Restoration. As Japan grew stronger as a nation, their citizens grew increasingly patriotic. This newfound patriotism was displayed in the actions of the soldiers, determined to risk their lives for the benefit of Japan. An excerpt by a Japanese official further reiterates this growing sense of nation pride. â€Å"To strengthen Japan by war is to show loyalty to our country†¦our guiding principle. † (Miocevich, 30). Japan’s modernization within the society had resulted in the adoption of western cultures, an increased literacy rate, and patriotism in the nation. The Meiji Restoration had made the dream of accomplishing fukoku kyohei a reality for Japan. The adoption of a western parliamentary model aided Japan in its development towards a stable rule, which in turn, created unity within the nation. With the focus of modernization, necessary changes were also made in Japan’s industry and society, such as the adoption of a new banking and education system. Moreover, Japan’s new stable economy allowed it to thrive financially and build stronger defenses. Accompanied by the growing nationalism within the Japanese, the soldiers of the military grew more tenacious, as proven by Japan’s growing victories in wars. By the end of the Meiji Restoration, Japan had proved to the other formidable nations that it had found its rightful position with the aggressors.

Dhaping human behaviour Essay

Socialisation is the lifelong process by which human behaviour is shaped through experience in social institutions (e.g. family, which is a crucial factor in primary socialisation). Through socialization, individuals learn the values, norms (formal and informal rules), and beliefs of a given society.  In considering the nature of the self, it is necessary to include a still more fundamental social scientific issue – the extent to which human beings are being formed by biological inheritance (i.e. genetic determinism), or through socialisation (i.e. cultural determinism); the issue called nature-nurture debate. Another way to put this is the difference between instinct and learned behaviour, where instinct is inherited, and learned behaviour acquired through socialisation. Sociologists does not really consider instinctive behaviour; therefore, most sociologists would only accept there are inborn needs of food, shelter and sex. Other than these three, sociologists prefer the fact that human behaviour is shaped by social experience rather than that it is biologically ‘given’.  However, although the direction of sociology is towards social explanation, there is no contradiction between social and biological explanations of behaviour. It is just a matter of empirical research by biologists, sociologists, social biologists and by other relevant subject specialists to find explanations of human behaviour. According to sociologist Charles Cooley, there are two types of socialisation: primary and secondary. Those factors that are involved in primary socialisation are usually small, involve face-to-face interaction and communication and allow the individual to express the whole self, both feelings and intellect. Usually, those factors are the family, peer groups, of close friends and closely-knit groups of neighbours. Within these groups, through personal experience, the individual learns ‘primary values’ such as love, loyalty, justice, sharing, and etc. Freud claimed that the first few years of a person’s life – those usually spent amongst primary groups – are the most important in forming the structure of the person’s character. In contrast, secondary groups are usually large, more impersonal and formally organised, and exist for specific purposes. In the secondary stage, the individual learns by himself or herself more values and norms which are to be applied for the individual to fit in. This includes learning how to organise and conduct oneself in formal contexts (backgrounds) and how to behave towards people who have different degrees of status and authority. One of the crucial agents of secondary socialisation is school. Trade unions and professional associations, also secondary socialisation agents, can affect an individual’s behaviour when an individual agrees to conform to the beliefs, aims and regulations of the organisation. Therefore, indirectly, the individual accepts a socialising influence on his or her conduct. In both primary and secondary groups, the mass media (e.g. radio, television, the cinema) also plays a vital part in socialising individuals. For example during primary socialisation, by watching certain cartoons, a child (although indirectly) can already be socialised of his or her gender roles, such as patriarchal ideology (e.g. where the cartoon might portray the girl as the weaker one, always being bullied and being the helpless, damsel in distress; while the boy will then be the hero). Later, during secondary socialisation, magazines (a form of mass media) can also reinforce gender roles such as saying that girls must learn to cook so that they could cook for their husbands later in marriage. One way of studying the role of society in shaping human behaviour is to examine the development of individuals who were either completely or nearly excluded from any social interaction for a period of their lives. This includes cases of those who spent most of their childhood isolated from others in the wild (such as the ‘Wild boy of Aveyron’ and the two girls, ‘Wolf children of Bengal’) and those who were cut off from others through confinement (imprisonment), also during childhood (such as the cases of Anna and Isabelle). The case of the wolf children revealed that their behaviour was very similar to the wolves that had apparently raised them. They preferred raw meat, moved on all fours and lacked any form of speech. There is a more recent case described by O’Donnell where a 14 year old boy found in the Syrian desert had exceptional speed and had adopted some of the behavioural characteristics of the gazelles he was found with.

Q6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Q6 - Essay Example on derivatives into gigantic data warehouses is concerned, the results have been disastrous, because the operating realities make the process of efficient and optium data storage a messy and complex one. In financial organizations such as banks for example, some of the problems arise because they start to build their data warehouses before figuring out what they want in it. To alleiate this problem, effective preparation is necessary; a specific purpose must be formulated for the data warehouse.(Gronfeldt, 1998).Experts recommend that common denominators be set up for the data, which are accessible to all departments and extensions be created for oother departments to link to. Creating extensions to data tables can make specific relevant informaiotn available to specific departments. An ESRI Report identifies how data warehousing is used in hospitals to enhance Online Analytical processing; including a spatial data model can also facilitate patient profiling and physician profiling.(www.esri.com). Structuring the data warehouse so that it facilitates the aggregation of data and data linking would be helpful in developing suhc profiles. 2. Human beings are able to convert data into information through a process of association using external stimuli as well as internal ones such as memory cues. A similar process occurs in Online Analytical processing of data, where data from different sources are associated or linked together in order to assess, discover and evaluate existing trends wihtin it. Data is associated with additional streams of data available from other sources and a process of elaboration of the exsiting data can be initiated through the process of Online Analytical processing, to generate hypotheses about the data and assess the consequences of those hypotheses.(www.edc.ncl.ac.uk). Alternatively, patterns existing within streams of data can also be evaluated in this manner in order to generate usable information. For example, data on large numbers

Competing Values Skills Assessment Leadership Research Paper

Competing Values Skills Assessment Leadership - Research Paper Example In this paper, we will try to look at the competing value assessment framework and its efficiency in nurturing successful organisations as well as explaining how the various personal traits direct an individual’s choice of leadership roles Competing value assessment framework type of leadership matches specific environments with certain and specific roles, for instance a broker and an innovator role can be directly matched with communication and creativity environment. Successful leadership involves joggling between the eight roles in competing value assessment framework that include monitor role, coordinator role, director role, producer role, broker role, innovator role, mentor role and facilitator role. When a leader or a manager is taking a certain role, the role is mainly influenced by his personality characteristics and traits hence that determine his leadership style and how well the manager performs in his roles. Personal traits have also been found to affect the cognitive, interpersonal and work styles that a manager will use to reach the set target of goals, the five-factor personality model which includes agreeableness, emotionality, extroversion, conscientiousness and openness were found to be related to effective transformation and transactional behaviour, army officers leadership effectiveness and problem solving capabilities (Leung & Bozionelos 2004). The theory of competing value framework is divided into four quadrants that are based on the eight activities that create value as they have been highlighted above, each of the four quadrants is named with a verb that best explains it such as control, compete, create and collaborate. Leaders who run successful organisations have perfected one or more of these four quadrants however with time most of the leaders and organisation tend to move towards one of the quadrant in which they specialise and his means

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Case study - Essay Example The main attraction that is established for the Harrahs customer relationship strategy is presenting the customer a combination of all facilities at the same place (Watson and Volonino). These can be lavish hotels, shopping malls, and attractions such as massive dancing water shows and a replica of the Eiffel Tower. Here the Harrahs customer relationship strategy is established by seeing and understanding relationships with their customers. They believed that strong customer service relationships are built on customer knowledge. This is done through gathering each and every aspect of customer behaviors in the form of the marketing data and information. This whole structure provides for the effective implementation and execution of Harrahs customer relationship strategy (Watson and Volonino). â€Å"In closed loop marketing, data can simply be transferred between marketing and sales, and clients can be examined through the suspect-to-sale range† (Anderson). In implementing closed loop marketing a customer or player is selected that is already known to the Harrahs business (Watson and Volonino). In this campaign a special offer according to customer behavior and playing position is offered. In this offer a special message is sent. This involves the presentation of some hotel stays, special visits, special playing offers and credit. The decision of offer is presented according to the past visits of client to the Harrahs casino. The overall pervious data regarding customer playing is recorded and decision is made on the basis of that data if he requires some offer. For example a player has lost his pervious five games and now he is really dissipated with the Harrahs casino. His all record will be analyzed, like his lost money, main playing behaviors and additional det ails. After that a special offer that offers him one night stay in luxurious hotel, $30 credit or and additional offer. This will attract

Text (chapter 7) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Text (chapter 7) - Essay Example Relevant employees should be recruited in their relevant fields of expertise so as to ensure quality output from each employee. Besides, Karen has also maintained that constant motivation is the only sure way of maintaining employees of high quality. The quality of output by each employee, according to her is determined by the level of motivation from the management. Karen suggests a number of ways through which motivation can be conducted in order to achieve the required target. To mention, she highlights promotion, salary increments, positive appraisals such as commendations are among the key factors she considers integral in developing positive contribution from each employee. To conclude, the quality of employees maintained by a business enterprise determines its success over time and space. A highly competent team of employee with adequate motivation from the management promotes the performance of the organization. However, the role of determining the quality of employees for any business enterprise lies with the management. Besides, it is the sole responsibility of the management to ensure that their employees are constantly motivated to maintain a high-quality

Law 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law 4 - Assignment Example It governs how a business is run, and if any violations are made, the owners or directors of the business is deemed legally liable. There are legal punishments in the form of corporate revocations and fines for violations (Halbert & Ingulli, 1990). The two terms â€Å"business law† and â€Å"ethics† are not similar though they are linked to the business environment. The public scrutinizes a business that is not running ethically, and there is a normally tough analysis of the legitimacy of their actions. Halbert and Ingulli (1990) state that although business laws ensure that a company is run in a legal manner, the ethics of a business regularly establish whether the business is surpassing the limits set upon by law if not breaking them unintentionally. For example if a business that deals in the mining of fluorine dumps its wastes in the rivers the action may be legal. However, the action may be unethical if the activity is done wrongly. According to Armentano (1996), antitrust and monopoly are other business terms that go hand in hand with each other. Antitrust law is a set of rules that prohibit the unfair business practices. Monopoly is the business practice that involves a few businesses being the suppliers of products in a huge market. The antitrust laws are set up to promote competition in the market. Certain business practices are deemed illegal if they impair business practices and affect the consumers in any way. Armentano (1996) affirmed that, illegal practices are viewed to be unethical in the business environment as they lead to market and business failure. Practices that lead to unethical activities in the business world are considered illegal according to the antitrust law. Monopoly is the act of a single entity controlling the market price of a certain commodity (Armentano, 1996). Monopoly is brought about by lack of competition in the market; one or few companies dominate the business industry. The f ew

Population Distributions - statistics lab report Essay

Population Distributions - statistics lab report - Essay Example This theory is based on the concept that a heart with small size will have smaller cardiac output as compared to the larger heart. Hence, this scientific theory proposes that the heart beat of the larger individual will beat slowly to meet the metabolic requirements. The above hypothesis will be examined by collecting a sample of short and tall individuals and identify whether there are significant differences in their heart beat rates. To prove this, an experiment will be conducted which will find out whether there are considerable differences in the heart rate of tall and short subjects. The experts in the field8 as have also emphasized that individuals who are physically fit have a higher stroke volume as compared to inactive individuals. This means that individuals having a poor physical condition will reach their maximum heart beat rate at a lower work level than individuals who are physically fit. Based on the above belief, a theory has been put forward that since physically fi t individuals have a higher aerobic capacity before reaching maximum heart rate therefore they will have a slower rate of increase in heart beat and a faster return to the resting return after the exercise. For the verification of aforementioned hypothesis, a controlled experiment will be conducted in which the subject’s heart rate before exercise and 15 minutes after exercise and then 30 minutes after exercise will be measured to know whether there are significant differences in the heart rate of individuals in the group. Null Hypothesis 1: Measurement of heart rate. Analysis of the data: a) Number of Subjects in each class Range Frequency 40-50 0 50-60 3 60-70 10 70-80 19 80-90 8 90-100 2 >100 0 b) Histogram Figure 1: Histogram of Heart Beats per Minute Median = 76 Mode = 80 Both the median and mode lie in the 70-80 subject group of the variable. c) The data for the given variable is spread symmetrically around the central location. It has a modal class. I expect the data t o be modal since most of the individuals will have a common heart beat rate with few exceptional cases. My expectations are supported by the graph of histogram as majority of the frequency of the data lies in the middle of set. d) Null Hypothesis: (There is no difference in the mean heart rate of the tall and short subjects) Alternative Hypothesis: (There is a difference in the mean heart rate of the tall and short subjects) Significance Level The hypothesis is to be performed at 5% significance level or 95% confidence level, so Critical Value The critical values for the two tailed test for with confidence level of are If the value of the t test statistic is lesser than -2.02 or greater than 2.02 than reject; otherwise do not reject. T-test Value: The data values for the small subject group and tall subject group are attached in the appendix (Table 1 and Table 2) Where By using formulas we calculate that (All the calculations are given in appendix) Where The value of t-test statisti c is -0.339 and it does not fall in the rejection region thus we do not reject the null hypothesis. The test results are not statistically significant at the 5% level; that is, at the 5% significance level, the data do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that there is difference in the mean heart rate of the tall and short individuals. Null Hypothesis 2 and 3: Heart rate and recovery after exercise. a) Mean heart rate These are the class mean heart rates (beats per minute) Before Exercise 75.2 Directly After Exercise 124.8 After 1 Minute 105.9 After 5 Minutes

Nazi medicine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Nazi medicine - Research Paper Example The resulting research that came about through the Nazi experiments was eyed with great suspicion and scientists even today are asked to justify their use of the Nazi methods when they employ them. It is viewed as something that is not socially responsible and is an abuse to the science community itself. So the question that arises is that is it alright to use the work of Nazis in the medical field or is it a moral degradation in itself? (Adshead, and Brown 109). The very fact that the ‘data’ that was obtained by the Nazis to conduct their research was nothing but torture and pain is a factor in itself to condemn the Nazi research and its subsequent scientific hypotheses. The dead bodies were frozen, sterilized and inseminated and hence the bodies were more of a subject to torture and humiliation. This situation can very well be put in to an example- it is just as a human consumes a piece of meat and gets rid of the remains in a shabby fashion; the medicines and other research depict the same- the bodies were used to the benefit of the Nazis and then the remains discarded as ‘unwanted’. The subjects were tortured in multiple manners: Firstly, they were made to be observed against their will and were dragged into dangerous experiments. Secondly, the experiments were designed in such a manner that the subjects would deliberately be put through a lot of suffering and fatal outcomes. Thirdly, all the subjects had to nec essarily undergo mutilation and tremendous pain. Amidst such situations, how can one justify the use of the results obtained by these Nazis? (Evans 357) The biggest controversy in using the research of the Nazis revolves around the passive external re warming and active external warming. The passive external re warming is when the research methods use the warmth of the patients’ bodies to complete the research whereas the active external re

Hybrid or alternative-Fueled Vehicles Essay Example for Free

Hybrid or alternative-Fueled Vehicles Essay

Pre Birth Assessment Reflective Analytical Study

Pre Birth Assessment Reflective Analytical Study I was requested to complete a Pre-Birth Assessment with regards to Case BB. The referral was made by the Community Midwife to the Children and Families Area Team where I was on my placement. The Community Midwifes concerns were BBs age, she already had a child who was under one year, her partner was in prison and the Midwife was further concerned about BBs lack of engagement with the health services particularly ante-natal services. The Midwife was also concerned with BBs emotional state of mind. To consolidate what little information was on the referral I contacted BBs current Health Visitor whereby I was subject to a litany of BBs misdemeanours regarding her care of CA. Although the Health Visitor regarded BBs care of CA as poor I noted that there had been no social work input requested from the Health Visitor and that the Health Visitor had quite a forceful personality. However, I took on board the information the Health Visitor provided with an objective mind. BB is 19 years old and lives in a local authority house in a rural village with few local amenities. The village is not well served with public transport which makes it difficult for BB to access the main town. BBs sole income is benefit based. BB now has two children, CA who is 15 months old and LA who is 3 months old. BBs partner, BA (who is 22 years of age) is at present in prison, serving a sentence for Assault to Serious Injury. BA is not expected to return to the family home until October 2010. BA is the natural father to both CA and LA. My role was to complete a Pre-Birth Assessment with regards to convening a Pre-Birth Conference if necessary. This is in line with the local authoritys High Risk Pregnancy Protocol. My role was also to support and work in partnership with BB and her family in the longer term. The context of my practice was that of a statutory role with statutory responsibilities. Therefore, I had to consider how to support the family by assessing BBs strengths and pressures as well as promote the welfare of BBs child and unborn child and in the wider sense to keep the family together. According to Hothersall (2008) these are principles inherent within the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 which themselves derive from broader principles surrounding the rights of the children and the importance of positive development as the basis for a meaningful life. Further to this Healy (2005) points out that within the practice context it is the legal aspect which has precedence over other aspects of practice. This incorporates the fulfilment of legal duties and responsibilities. The Children (Scotland) Act 1995, as mentioned previously, is the underpinning legislation within Children and Families. This legislation with regards to parental responsibilities was I felt, pertinent to this case. For example, the responsibilities of a parent to a child under 16 are set out in Section 1 of this Act. They are to safeguard and promote the health, development and welfare of the child and to provide appropriate direction to the child according to age. These parental responsibilities were important to consider when completing the Pre-Birth Assessment in response to both BB and her partner BAs capacity to parent. The Getting It Right For Every Child (GIRFEC) (Scottish Executive, 2005) policy was also crucial in my assessment. GIRFEC provides a practice model which promotes holistic assessment and planning for children, centred upon indicators of well-being and as a policy is about intervention as early as possible and provision of the right help at the right time. Within GIRFEC is the My World assessment model which I used to help me complete the Pre-Birth Assessment particularly in relation to BBs parenting skills with CA. I also utilised Getting Our Priorities Right (GOPR) A Guide for Workers in Best Practice (Local Authority Child Protection Web Pages). Underpinning this assessment was Protecting Children and Young People Framework for Standards (Scottish Executive, 2004). Within the context of completing the assessment I was aware of the statutory legal responsibility involved and the requirement to work within the framework of current legislation and policy. During supervision discussion was centred around the issue of care and control from the perspective of my practice based on statutory responsibility. According to Thompson (2005) to ignore control is to run the risk of being ineffective, while to ignore care can lead to potentially abusive and oppressive practice. Further to this Banks (2006) points out that the reasons for many ethical dilemmas and problems stem from the social work role as a public service profession dealing with vulnerable service users who need to be able to trust the worker and be protected from exploitation; and also from its position as part of state welfare provision based on contradictory aims and values (care and controlprotection of individual rights and promotion of public welfare) that cause tensions, dilemmas and conflicts. (Banks, 2006, p.25) As Banks also points out, in practice it is the rules of the agency that define who is to be regarded as a service user and provide the context in which the social worker operates. This, for me reflects that need to recognize the significance of discrimination and oppression in service users lives and for my practice to be ethically sound and develop a participatory approach to my practice. Considering these points helped me formulate how I was going to engage with BB. I had an understanding of my statutory responsibilities from a legal and policy perspective and I had an understanding of my personal and professional values in terms of the tensions caused by care and control. Therefore, I needed to build a working relationship with BB which would allow me to build a theoretical understanding of the interrelationship between the individual and society. (Watson West, 2006, p.13) This would help me complete a meaningful and insightful assessment of BBs current difficulties with appropriate interventions. To complete the assessment, I took into consideration Germain and Gittermans The Life Model of Social Work Practice (1996). Payne (2005) describes this model as a formulation of the ecological systems theory which is based on the relationship between people and their environment. The aim of social work is to increase the fit between people and their environment by alleviating life stressors and increasing peoples personal and social resources to enable them to use more and better coping strategies. Payne further points out that practice must be carried out through a partnership between worker and service user that reduces power differences between them. The environment and the demands of the life course should be a constant factor in making decisions. By utilising Germain Gittermans life model of practice (1996) I was able to create an accepting and supportive environment by describing my role clearly to BB and encouraging BB to give her thoughts about the referral. This elicited background information about her relationship with BA and support networks she had within her own extended family and with BAs extended family. We discussed the birth of her second child particularly in respect of how BB felt she could cope with CA as well as with the new baby. BB identified this as a worry for her as she was concerned that she would not be able to manage. To make sense of this information Payne (2005) describes resources that people have in order to cope. These are self-efficacy, self-esteem and self-concept. BB had none of these emotional resources available to her at this time. Coupled with this she had no self-direction in the sense she did not feel she had any control over her life. To allow me to elicit further information regarding BBs parenting skills I observed her care of CA. The My World model which draws on upon the work of Bronfenbrenner (1979) and encourages practioners to take an ecological approach to the assessment process helped me in this respect. By looking at the three domains of growth and development, what is needed from the people who look after me and my wider world I was able to elicit the positives in the situation and the areas of pressure in relation to the safety, well-being and development of the child. Further to this, attachment theory, which according to Schofield (2002) is primarily a theory for understanding (Schofield, 2002, p.29) was also useful in that although directly seeking to improve the quality of interaction between children and caregivers, the childs sense of security, self-esteem and self-efficacy may also be increased by intervening in the systems around the family, for example providing social support to the mother or funding a place for the child in an activity group. A visit with BA was also organised, who although in prison presented as a significant risk factor due to alcohol consumption and increasing levels of violence, albeit the incidents were not in or near the family home and did not involve BB nor his child. BA was at first uncommunicative which was understandable due to the setting and nature of the visit. Trevithick (2007) suggests that asking a range of different questions is central to interviewing however, before asking a question we must be interested in the answer. (Trevithick, 2007, p. 159) By careful use of open and closed questions I was able to draw out BAs views on the assessment and gain some sense of a working relationship with him. However, what really opened the conversation was when I commented on how CA looked very like him. BA then started to talk about CA and how he was looking forward to the birth of his next baby. During the course of the visit I was able to understand how BA supports BB by allowing her the freedom to take care of CA while he did the cooking and looked after the house. BA went on to explain that his relationship with BB was sound but that he was aware he had let her down badly particularly as she was pregnant with his second child. BA was aware that he had missed a lot of CA growing up and he did not want this to happen with his second child. BA was also open about the circumstances leading to his arrest and he admitted that it was due to a feud between two different villages that had been going on since school. BA confirmed that the whole thing was stupid and that he now realised he needed to grow up. Taking into account the information gained and observations made during my visits with BB, CA and BA I was able to start to make sense of their environment, their strengths and pressures and the roles each of them had within the home and their community. Intervention at the initial stages of the process was I believe successful with regard to forming a working partnership with BB and to an extent with BA. Further visits with BB drew further information regarding informal support networks which in the main was her mother. BBs mother was a source of practical support and advice and they were in contact daily. BB described her mother as her ear. Permission was sought from BB to meet with her mother. BBs mother was keen for her daughter to gain support from social services as she realised how difficult her daughter was finding things at this time. To complete the assessment and take into account risk factors and strengths I had to analyse and reflect on the information I had gained. According to Helm (2009) this information needs to be analysed before an understanding is developed which allows a judgement to be formed which can lead to an appropriate decision or action. Calder (2002) further offers a framework for conducting risk assessment by assessing all areas of identified risk and ensuring that each is considered separately e.g. child, parent, and surrounding environment each worrying behaviour should be assessed individually as each is likely to involve different risk factors. To counteract the risk factors present family strengths and resources should also be assessed, for example good bonding, supportive networks. After a thorough analysis and supervisory discussions I recommended that a Post-Birth Multi-Agency Conference not be convened. However, I recommended that a further assessment take place when BA returns to the family home and a Post-Birth Multi-Agency meeting to discuss future interventions be arranged as I was aware that the birth of the new baby could be a future pressure on BB. In line with anti-oppressive practice and partnership working, I discussed both the assessment and recommendations with BB and by letter with BA. Both were given the opportunity to put their views across and both were happy to continue to work voluntarily with the department for the present. The reasons behind my recommendations were that BB although socially isolated had a strong supportive network with her extended family and BAs extended family. Further to this BB has a close and supportive relationship with her mother whom she sees every day. According to Hill et al (2007) a vast array of research shows that parents in poverty, or facing other stresses, usually cope better when they have one or more close relationships outside the household and these are activated to give practical, emotional or informational support. Most often this is informal but, for isolated parents access to family centres or professionals including health professionals can make a great difference to both the parents and the social and emotional health of children. (Barlow Underdown, 2005) With regards to CA, BB had a good bond with her daughter and was quick to attend to her needs. BB also had a routine in place for CA regarding mealtimes and naps this also included a bedtime routine. CA was reaching her developmental milestones (Source: Sheridans Charts). CA had age appropriate toys and had the freedom of the living area. BB had erected a baby gate to stop CA from gaining access to the kitchen and the stairs. However, since CA started walking, BB has to continually keep an eye on CA due to the open fire and hearth in the living area which is proving stressful for BB. Immediate interventions included obtaining Section 22 funding to purchase a safety fireguard and information was obtained regarding BB making applications for Sure Start and Healthy Eating Grants. These applications were successfully made by BB and allowed her to purchase essential items for the new baby. BB had highlighted this as a worry for her as she was struggling financially. Working in collaboration with the Community Midwife arrangements were made for BB to make the trip to the clinic on alternate weeks when her benefits were received. The Community Midwife visited her at home the other weeks. I believe I managed to build a positive working relationship with BB. According to Wilson et al (2008) relation-based practice is the emphasis it places on the professional relationship with the service user. The social worker and service user relationship is recognised to be an important source of information for the worker to understand how best to help. In order to make informed decisions and critically evaluate practice, reflection and analysis of information should embrace all sources of knowledge which have to be drawn upon. Further to this, a potentially more informative, relationship-based and reflective response would be to articulate the service users feelings by which the service user can acknowledge their own responses to the situation. As Fook (2002) points out: Reflective practioners are those who can situate themselves in the context of the situation and can factor this understanding into the ways in which they practice (Fook, 2002, p.40) Banks (2006) also indicates that part of the process of becoming a reflective practioner also involves being aware of ones own position of power and how dominant discourses construct the knowledge and values we use to describe and work with situations and practice. This has been discussed in supervision with regards to BBs Pre-Birth assessment and to visiting BA in prison. It is difficult to evaluate whether aspects of my work were effective or not. However, in supervision we discussed how keen BB was to gain support and seemed to appreciate the partnership approach. This was discussed in relation to Hill et als (2007) research and Barlow and Underdown (2005). Small aspects of my intervention, such as the provision of the safety fireguard were described by BB as a godsend and she was proud to show me the baby items she had purchased on receipt of the grants. Discussion in supervision also centred round the next stage of intervention which was after the baby was born. I discussed with BB the opportunity for CA to attend a local authority nursery one day per week. This would help CAs social and emotional development and at the same time allow BB to spend time with LA. This referral was successful as was gaining the services of a volunteer driver to transport CA. However, CA has only just started at the nursery and therefore difficult to gauge if this referral has been effective. Reflecting on my work overall, I should probably have explored more with BB her social isolation and worked on strategies to get her more involved in the community. Further to this resources in this village are non-existent and the parenting groups which were suitable were not available locally. BB was interested but location of the Family Centre and lack of public transport negated this. I enquired with regards to Outreach Work but this was not available. Discussion with other colleagues in the team reflected the same theme regarding facilities for the outlying villages. Further discussion in supervision raised for me the difficulty of maintaining empowering and anti-oppressive practice within this context as assessment should be needs led not resource led. 2,979 words

Richard M. Nixon :: essays research papers

Richard M. Nixon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard Milhous Nixon came from a family with a strong heritage. His father's side of the family were Methodists originally from Scotland. Then, in the early 1600s, they migrated to Ireland, and to America in the 1730s. His grandfather, George Nixon, died in the Battle of Gettysburg during the Civil war. Richard's father, Frank Nixon, was born in Ohio. His mother died when he was only 7, and he left home when he was only 14. He went from town to town doing odd jobs and eventually made his way to California where he met his future wife, Hannah.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nixon's mother's side of the family was originally from Germany. They then migrated to England around 1688, where they became Quakers. From England they migrated to Ireland, and from Ireland to America. During the civil war they were part of the underground railroad. Richard's mother, Hannah Milhous, was born in Indiana, but her family moved and she grew up in Whittier, California, where she met Frank Nixon. They fell in love at first sight, and were married four months later in June 1908. Frank converted to Quakerism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frank and Hannah's first son, Harold, was born in 1909, only a year after they were wed. In 1908, Frank bought a lemon ranch in Yorba Linda, CA, and built a small house there. Then, on January 9, 1913, Richard Milhous Nixon was born in that very house. Hannah and Frank would have three more children: Donald (born in 1914), Arthur (born in 1918), and Edward (born in 1930).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nixon family lived on the edge of poverty. The lemon ranch didn't make enough money to provide for the family of seven, so Frank started doing odd jobs (namely building houses) AND ran the lemon ranch to provide for his family. In 1922, the Nixon's moved back to Whittier, and things took a turn for the better. Frank bought a plot of land and built a gas station and a general store on it. Business was good, but it took much work to keep the store running. The whole family worked hard at the store and the children worked hard at school. But tragedy struck in 1925. Arthur died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard was always a serious child. By the age of six, he was already reading the newspaper and talking politics with his father. He was a good public speaker, and by junior high school, he was a master debater. He tried his hardest to get the best grades in school. In 1926, he entered high school. He was very busy. He did his schoolwork, he studied, he helped with the store, he

Essay --

The Battle for Justice â€Å"It takes a warrior to fight a battle and survive. This here is a battle if I’ve ever seen one† (Beals 113). In the novel Warriors Don’t Cry, nine students from Little Rock Arkansas are set out on the battlefield for integration. Melba Pattillo and eight other friends are challenged with starting off the integration of Little Rock’s Central High School. The students were signed up and asked to attend the high school in hopes of getting rid of segregation. Although entering high school may seem as easy as signing in and going to class, the test and trials the Little Rock nine went through shows a true test of determination. Comparatively, the â€Å"Arab Spring†, a movement of protests in the Middle East, has caused controversy all over the world. Citizens are rebelling against an unfair government in hopes of create a new way of life. Tired of all the disrespect, unjust, and oppressive government Muslims and Middle Easterners have created a bat tle of their own. While trying to create a better life for themselves, the Little Rock Nine and those involved in the Arab Spring uprisings have stepped on to the battlefield for fair human rights. September 4, 1957 was the date set for the Little Rock Nine to enter into Central High School. While making their way to find the others, Melba and her mother spotted Elizabeth, one of the nine, standing in the midst of a screaming mob. There were national guards towering over her, but none seemed to do anything to stop the threats. Although Elizabeth was frightened, she still tried to enter the school. Elizabeth tried finding a way into the school but, â€Å"Each time she approached, the soldiers closed ranks, shutting her out† (Beal 36). The National Guard was told by Governor Faub... ...of great determination to increase human rights. A serious battle is one worth fighting for. The Muslims and Middle Easterners are still fighting for their right for a fair government. They are tired of the disrespect. They’re tired of the humiliation and unnecessary tactics used by the government. They want more of a democracy, to be able to have a say in the laws that are over their people. Even though they have chosen violent ways they still are trying to make a change. Although the Little Rock Nine were not violent, they wanted to make a change, to better their lives and those of their families. They chose to challenge the government and with the support of outside help they accomplished their goals. Fighting a battle isn’t easy. You need to make sure you have the right tools to conquer. Sometimes the strongest armor you could wear is faith and determination.

Superheroes Essay -- essays research papers

When you think of a superhero one normally thinks of Spiderman, Batman, or Superman, but there were superheroes long before these characters were created. First one must understand that the basis of this name is hero. What is a hero? A hero is a person who does something special or out of the ordinary in order to help others. It could also be someone who is admired for a characteristic about them, be it physical or mental. They are individuals that normal everyday people can look up to. This being the case, a superhero is nothing more then someone who is a hero, but not just that once and for that one person, but someone who helps many people, or leads them. As time went by the number of people who were true heroes diminished and just doing something for someone was no longer big news. There had to be something more to make them stand out. The American culture needed someone or something to admire and that is where our common day superheroes come into play. It gave them a goal which could never be reached in hopes that people would never stop trying. When one thinks about it, though it may be hard to believe, superheroes stem from God. This began as early back as Greek gods, then leading to Jesus. Jesus was a seemingly normal man who helped everyone, and led people. He was the ultimate superhero of his time. Once he was gone and became no more than a story passed down from father to son, people began to crave what was new, what was ‘in the now.’ That is when tales of knight...

Inventory management system Essay

Introduction Technology is simultaneously advancing together with what internet offers. Many system made by programmers and companies are innovating people look and need them via internet. One click, thousands results, probably millions or ever billions of different system. One button press brings people to new discoveries and massive enjoyment. A sales and inventory system is a system that can handle a company data. With this system, company will not easily lost their record of items and record of their daily, monthly or yearly income. Some companies have not yet developed their system like this, they still in the handing out of records manually, then write it on in an inventory book. Yet the main problem with the manual inventory is easy to lost, recording is slow and spend a lot time when doing it. With the sales and inventory management system, recording became easy and didn’t spend a lot of time. It can also print a receipt, records of items sold daily, record of stocks and it can add a new item or edit a price or designed. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The proponents design a Point-of-Sale and Inventory System to automate the transaction of ALMER’s Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation. This system helps the client to minimize the time in computing the amount to be paid by the customer and in tracking the supplies of the shop. The system is not a hassle for the client since the proponents designs the system in a user-friendly way. The ALMER’s Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation Point-of-Sale and Inventory System aims to make the work easier and comfortable. Computations and monitoring of the supplies and sales is fastened in this matter. There is consistency in accessing the reports since all transactions are saved in a database that later on generates the appropriate reports. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Companies are using inventory systems for quickly growth and success. Inventory systems have a variety of functions purposes in businesses. Promoting the sales and shrinkage control are two main functions of inventory system. Promoting the sales function deals with availability of sufficient products for the customers where a shrink age control function deals with monitoring the occurrence of damage loss, or theft, etc. of the products. The problem arises in keeping the transaction faster and convenient both in the staff and the customer. At the same time, the report may not be consistent enough since it is in written forms. Since the company is on its early stage, the existing system then is the manual one. A staff is designated in a certain counter of the shop that accepts the item/s purchased by a customer. Using a calculator, that staff computes the total amount due of the customers. That staff using receipt forms produces the official receipt manually. All transactions are managed manually especially the adding and updating the products available in the compay. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study aim to develop a Sales and Inventory Management System of ALMER’S Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation, this was the system that we would like to implement to be able to lessen the company’s human effort, to save materials, products, transaction of the company. This system can also print a receipt for a daily/weekly/monthly/yearly transaction records to serve as the company’s hard copy. It can also check the number of stocks that was recorded in this system every day. Specific Objectives 1. Create a Sales and Inventory system that include saving of stocks, transaction and printing of reports of ALMER’S Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation. 2. Design a Sales and Inventory system that can print receipt for the customer of the company. 3. Test and upgrade the system. SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study is about the Sales and Inventory Management System. It is intended for the company wants have to keep their records or files in a long period of time. Adding new item/product: allow users to add a new product Adding of item stocks: only the admin is allow to add the number of stock. Printing of Report: allow users to print all report like weekly sales, all transaction, inventory report Sales and Report: allow user to print a report in daily, between dates and all transaction it also print a report of customer who are buying as installment. Create Transaction: allow user to create a transaction with receipt. Cancel Transaction: allow user to cancel transaction but it need an admin code. Transaction of Installment: allow user to view the customers that has a balance. Changing User: allow user to change account into other admin or employee. Changing Admin Code: allow admin to change the security code. Creating New Users Account: allow user to create a new user account but it need an admin code to register. There are two access levels of this system. The first and the powerful one is the Administrator. He She has the overall authority and access in the system. Another function of the administrator is that he/she maintains the system. The other one is the authorized employee that has the right of entry in the Point-of-Sale. He/She is the one responsible in accepting transactions from the customers. The administrator is providing all the usernames and passwords of the users of this system. The authorized user can to view and make an update with the reports generated by the system. The authorized user can define the date range of the report needed to view or update a certain report. He she is allowed to print the said report. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ALMER’S Digital Printing and Audio Visual Presentation and Inventory System is limited in terms of the devices used. The system is installed in a desktop computer instead to a touch screen monitor. The printer connected to it is an ordinary printer instead of a receipt printer. The system is not capable of accepting credit cards as a means of payment from the customer. Another thing is that it is not connected to a barcode reader that is used by different shops today. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY To the Company – for their business transaction, keeping of records, adding of their stock and printing of reports. Inventory system will be proposed. To the User – this system helps the user to encode and print report easily. To the Customer – this system helped the customer to view their transaction. Figure 2.1 Conceptual Framework Definition of Terms Application is a shorter form of application program. An application program is a program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another application. Inventory is an application use for keeping records. Management is an act, art, or manner of managing, controlling, etc. Point of Sale (POS) or checkout is the place where a transaction occurs in exchange for goods or services. Receipt a written acknowledgement that something, as goods, money, etc. Sales the act of selling or exchanging something or some services for an agreed some money. Chapter II RESEARCH AND SOFTWARE DESIGN RESEARCH DESIGN Method of Research Used The fundamental concentration of this study endorses the systematically and orderly gathering of all necessary data in accomplishing and completing the study. Using systematized procedures which involve a series of essential activities will lead the researchers to the development of the study. The first step in finding solution starts with a deeper understanding of the current status of the study. By doing this, different problems within the system can be identified and therefore seeking for appropriate solutions will be needed for the improvement of existing system. Data gathering procedure such as personal observation, research, survey questionnaires, and interview will be used for the acquisition of relevant data. DESCRIPTIVE METHOD The Descriptive Method is a fact finding approach with adequate interpretation. This method allows the researcher to collect data and to report from the point of view of some objectives and basic assumption of the study. It also analyses and interprets the status of the system currently in use. This method of research focuses on process, analysis, and interpretation of data being collected. It involves the interpretation of the change and supplementary training is conducted, as needed. Changes are recommended via the Change Control Authority. Evaluate/assess program performance Once the new system is up and running for a while, it should be exhaustively evaluated. Maintenance must be kept up rigorously at all times. Users of the system should be kept up-to-date concerning the latest modifications and procedures. Data Gathering Tools These are set of activities that focus in the production of data for the system to be developed. The following instruments were used for data gathering as a technique in acquiring as much as possible reliable information needed to more scientific investigation of the application to be analyzed: QUESTIONAIRE These are written and/or printed form comprising a series of question presented to a number of persons to obtain data for survey purpose. The researchers created survey questions to determine the point of view of the respondents regarding the problems that made the researchers come up with the proposed study. INTERVIEW In this part of techniques in gathering data or information. It is defined as a purposeful face-to-face relationship between two persons one of whom called interviewer who ask question to gather information and the other interviewee or respondents who supplies the information asked for. The researchers gathered data from person who are related to the subject of the study to determine the problems and able to define the ways on how to solve them. Software Evaluation This method of data gathering involves evaluation of the study and the system to the respondents. The researchers implied this tool to make it easier to gather information and feedback on the proposed study. Software evaluation is based on ISO 9126 Observation This method is used to identify and analyze the problem and the needs of the respondents. Observation is considered as the most direct means of studying people as far as behavior is concerned. The researchers used their senses in order to investigate the constraints that will affect the planning and implementation of the proposed system. The sense of sight is the most important and the most used among all the 5 senses. During observation, the researcher discovers certain that let them come up with the proposed study. Statistical Tools The statistical treatment is used in determining the measures of reliability and compared data between sampling and/or measures points. Statistical treatment of data is essential in order to make use of the data in the right form. Raw data collection in only aspect of any experiment; the organization of data is equally important so that appropriate conclusion can be drawn. Weighted Mean Also known as the Average, it is defined as the sum of all scores of data divided by the numbers of scores in the data. The mean denoted by X of the scores X1, X2, X3†¦ is given by the formula: X= ∑fx/N Where: X = MeanN = Total number of scores f = frequencyx = Score in the distribution ∑ = Sum of all scores Likert’s Scale The researchers use a numerical scale, the Likert’s scale method to interpret the events of the evaluation to be made. A scale which respondents indicate their level of conformity with declaration that express favorable attitude towards a concept being deliberated. Rating Analytical Tools Interviews: with this tool we find that the company needs our proposal study. Observation: we observed that the company lost their transaction report sometimes and forgot to list the material that they used to create a finish product. Questionnaire: we find out that the company wants to use our proposal study. CHAPTER III PRESENTATION OF DATA, INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS AND SOFTWARE PRODUCT ANALYSIS PROJECT DESCRIPTION System General Features and System Function Figure 4-1: System Security User’s is to choose one of the Log-in forms, if they choose the admin log-in form they will be log in as admin but if they choose the employee log-in they will be log-in as employee. Figure 4-2: Admin Log-in Form User allows inputting a valid username and password of admin account to access the system. Figure 4-3: Employee Log-in Form User allows inputting a valid username and password of employee account to access the system. Figure 4-4: Splash Screen System is loading after logging in the admin/employee log-in form. It takes a few seconds before go to the main form. Figure 4-5: Main Form Main form: allow user to select inventory, sales and reports and transaction. The manage account is only for the admin, if you log-in as admin, you can manage the existing account can also create a new account. If you log-in as admin, you can add a new item, add a stock of items, view all current stocks, and print all records of inventory, daily or between dates and by category. But if you log-in as employee you cannot add the number of stocks. In sales and report, admin and employee allow printing transaction (daily, between dates, all) and installment transaction (by amount, have no balance, all). In transaction users allows creating transaction, canceling transaction and viewing the entire installment transaction. Figure 4-6: Inventory Allows admin to add a new item, add a stock of items, view all current stocks, and print all records of inventory, daily or between dates. But if you log-in as employee you cannot add the number of stocks. Figure 4-7: Current Stock Form Both admin and employee can view this form but only the admin can add the number of the stock of items. Figure 4-8: Add new Item Form The users allow adding new item. First click the â€Å"ADDNEW† button to enable the objects, second, user allows to input item type if the item category is not exist but if the item category is exist users allow to select from the combo box, input a unique item name, quantity of stocks, price per item and select the size. Figure 4-9: Updating Current Stock Form Simply select item name or type in the textbox and click the search button to view the number of stock of the item you select, after searching/selecting item name you can add the number of the item you selected. Figure 4-10: Printing Inventory Reports Form Simply select date to print all records in between dates, also in category select a category of item to print and click the preview button of all record to print all recorded item in the system. Figure 4-11: Sales and Report Form In Sales and Report Form, user allows printing transaction, simply choosing category to be print (all, daily, between dates) and printing of transaction of installment, the same in the transaction, users allows to choose either all, amount or 0 balance. Click the generate button after selecting from the category. Figure 4-12: Transaction In transaction both admin and employee allow to create transaction, cancel transaction, adding of payment for the installment transaction. Simply clicking the text and it goes to the different form of transaction. Figure 4-13: Creating Transaction Form In creating transaction user will input the customer name, address and contact number, then select the item to be sold and the payment, if the payment is installment it allow user to input the 50% of the total price. Figure 4-14: Cancelling Transaction Form In cancelling transaction form, the user must be select first the record to be cancel after clicking the record the form inform the user to input the admin code to cancel the transaction. Figure 4-15: Installment Transaction Form In installment transaction form, user will allow to select the record of customer who has a balance, after selecting user must be input the balance if the customers pay for it. Click save button to update the record and print receipt. Figure 4-18: Managing Accounts Form In managing accounts form, user allow to select in any control button, if they select the log-in other admin account the system goes to the log-in form of the admin, if the create new account selected, it goes to the creating new account form, in changing admin code, it goes to the changing account form. Figure 4-17: Managing Accounts Form In creating new account, user must be select if admin or employee the account to be creates then enter a unique username and password. After creating an account you can now use the account to be created. Figure 4-18: Changing Admin Code Form Changing Admin Code form is to change the security code that used in many process of this system. Simply input the old admin code and the new admin code and click the save button to update the new admin code. Excellent Table 5.6 Software Evaluation for all Criterion The table 5.6 shows the overall rating of all system software criteria. The system software scored 4.72 which equivalent to excellent rating. The system software performance met what is aligned with software evaluation and exhibits excellent in all criteria. Recommendation The developer of Sales and Inventory Management system would like to recommend the following improvement of the system, and also would like to recommend some ideas on innovation regarding the use of Sales and Inventory Management System. 1. The researchers would like to propose and additional enhancement on Sales and Inventory Management System, additional improvement like sounds alert, but the first intention of the researchers is to develop a system that will easily to use. 2. Enhance the GUI or Graphical User Interface of the system. This will give more interactivity and nice looking for the company users. 3. The researcher would like also to propose for future developers and/or researchers to develop a Sale and Inventory Management System that can be used via internet. 4. A Sales and Inventory Management System created for keeping reason is also recommend by the researchers. Company management can use this system online if the recommendation number 3 will done. CONCLUSION After gathering information on Sales and Inventory Management System (SIMS) and conducted a software evaluation, we are come up with the conclusion that this study will be very helpful to many company as well as the business industry to minimize error on recording inventories and every day transaction.   

A role for transportin in the nuclear import of Adenovirus core proteins and dna

The research paper of Hindley and colleagues (2007) describes the function of the protein transportin in the entry of adenovirus-associated proteins in a cell.   Adenoviruses are microbial organisms that contain genetic material that has been highly compacted by the help of adenoviral core proteins.The DNA packaging facilitators have been known as terminal proteins and three types have been characterized by previous studies (Robinson et al., 1979).   It has been determined that these terminal proteins exist as two units, each one associates with the 5’ end of the DNA strand.   One of the terminal proteins, called protein VII, is created by the deletion of the terminal 24 resides of the precursor polypeptide preVII.The precursor protein, composed of 197 amino acid residues, is produced by the protease enzyme of the adenovirus right after the generation of new viral microorganisms.   It has been determined that the processed protein VII makes up most of the core protein content of an adenovirus and it situated in close proximity to the DNA strand of an adenovirus.   Another core protein that is present in significant amounts in an adenovirus is protein V.This 369-residue polypeptide has been postulated to link the core to the adenoviral coat.   The third core protein, termed Mu, also shows the ability of package viral DNA.Previous research has shown that the core proteins V and VII have the capacity to send signals that would dictate importation of material into the nucleus as well as compaction of nucleolar material (Wodrich et al., 2006).   However, the authors of the research article were aware that there has been no research effort conducted in order to determine the relation of these two terminal coreproteins and the process of importation of materials into the nucleus.The proponents of this research paper then set off to investigate the specific associations that between the import signals and the terminal core proteins.   In order to examine this relationship, the proponents of the research extracted the import receptors that were involved in the viral import process.   Isolated terminal core proteins were also prepared.A cell import experimental setup was developed in order to test each import receptor against each of the terminal core proteins.   The receptors were introduced to an established cancer cell line (HeLa) in order to determine whether any association will take place.   Simple import routes were also tested using the protein importin, which has the ability to associated core proteins.Both precursor and mature core proteins were tested in order to determine the temporal interactions that occur within an adenovirus.   In order to compare the action of other binding proteins with the core proteins, the protein transportin was also employed in the binding assay.   Pull-down assays were also conducted in order to catch a glimpse of the actual protein-protein associations within particular stag es of the adenoviral cycle.The assays showed that the binding protein transportin was necessary for the success of core protein V to attach to the nucleolar material of the adenovirus.   This result suggested that the packaging of nucleolar material can not be triggered by any type of binding protein but by a specific one such as transportin.The pull-down assays also showed that precursor and mature core proteins behaved differently within an adenoviral organism.   This observation provides an explanation why a significant number of amino acid residues have to be deleted from the precursor protein preVII.   The truncation actually does not only make the polypeptide shorter but specifically helps in the identification of particular signal motifs that would trigger further packaging of genetic material within an adenovirus.

Cyber Crime Law

On March of 1994, Internet connection was brought to the Philippines. Only few people were familiar with the world wide web and was use only for basic communication such as email. Years have past and for the past 18 years almost all Filipinos are familiar with the internet. Using it not only for communication but also for video streaming, research, news, gaming and etch. It is now part of the lifestyle of 30% of the population of Filipinos. Our country even made it to top 20 nation using the internet, along with China, United States of America and United Kingdom.The internet has been very useful and its occurrence is seen as one of the most wonderful invention of all time. But as it widens, it's usage also became more useful to some opportunist, thefts and other criminals. Cyber bullying, identity theft, cyber harassment, violation of rights and many more offenses is now happening because of the availability of the internet. Now The Cyber Crime Prevention Act of 2012 or simply known as Cyber Crime Law had been pushed to legalization.However, the Cyber Crime Prevention Act gathered many criticisms and issues. Pouring comments about the topic were seen in many social media networks in the Philippines on the day of the act's effectivity. Some were in favor but many protests. Internet users also known as netizens criticizes the law. Cyber crime law was a good idea although some of the content is a redundancy such a the Child Pornography which was already implemented since the year 1975 and the revise in year 2009 in addition with the use of computer while committing the crime.Another issue that broke was when online libel was added. The said part of the law will be able to criminalize social media comments and post, blogs or news article uploaded on the web whenever you found it offensive. The penalty for the said crime was doubled from the original libel laws and this is scary for many politician might use this to silent their critics. What about our freedom of sp eech?On the Philippine Constitution of 1987 Article III Section 4 states that â€Å"No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. † It is clear that that in our constitution, freedom of speech is part of our democracy. It is just right that our Supreme Court releases a temporary restraining order against the cyber crime law. It needs revision and a whole new study regarding every atter of its content. Cyber Crime Law is not bad, it's just not so precise nor accurate. The law apparently has great intentions of preventing violations of human rights within the cyber world. However, preservation of human rights with this system violates a very important rights which is freedom of speech. World Wide Web might be another world, but it is still part of our reality. Law is needed to protect the users, but a more definite and justifiable kin d of law.

History of Life on Earth

Chapter 25: History of Life on Earth Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early Earth * The Earth probably formed about 4. 6 billion years ago, and was bombarded with rocks and other material until about 3. 9 billion years ago. * The Earth then cooled, allowing for the formation of oceans. Scientists hypothesize the general atmosphere, or at least some regions, were naturally reducing environments, meaning that they added electrons to compounds. * Activation energy provided by lightening or UV radiation may have been able to create organic compounds and amino acids, as demonstrated by a number of modern experiments.Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules * Experiments have been done in which amino acid solutions in hot sand have formed polymers, but not true proteins. These polymers may have functioned as basic catalysts of some kind, however. Protobionts * Cells have genetic material in the form of DNA and RNA, which they are also capable of replicating. Nothing like this has been generate d spontaneously in lab experiments. * However, early structures called  protobionts  have had some of the capabilities associated with life.Experiments have spontaneously create protobionts, which are simple sphere of membrane that can perform simple metabolic and reproductive functions. * Note: phospholipids spontaneously form a bilayer, like the membrane that surrounds cells, so that part of the puzzle is easy to solve. Self-Replicating RNA and the Dawn of Natural Selection * Simple RNA structures called  ribozymes  can carry out basic chemical reactions and are even capable of replicating themselves. * As ribozymes replicated themselves (with errors) protobionts could have developed internal collections of slightly different enzymes that formed a rudimentary metabolic system.The RNA in these early â€Å"cells† may have served as a template for the eventual creation of a DNA genome, which would have reduced the number of errors made during replication. The Fossil Re cord * The fossil record gives a glimpse of life on Earth during different time periods and provides clues for evolutionary research. However, the fossil record also has significant gaps, but some are being filled by new discoveries. How Rocks and Fossils are Dated * Fossils appear in individual sediment layers, which tell us the order that they were formed in but not an actual age in years.Scientists use  radiometric dating  to determine absolute ages. * Radiometric dating is based on the fact that some radioactive elements have predictable  half-lives, or periods in which half of the substance will decay. If you know how much of a certain radioactive element an organism has when it died, such as carbon-14, you can determine its age by measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining today. * Older fossils are harder to date, but you can at least guess based on the age of fossils in the surrounding layers. The Origin of New Groups of Organisms The presence of certain bones, differ ent kinds of teeth and other characteristics can help researchers make inferences about what an animal may been like while it was alive. Changes between similar fossils of different time periods also show the pace of evolutionary change. The First Single-Celled Organisms * Scientists have found fossilized  stromolites  that are thought to have lived 3. 5 billion years ago – the earliest organisms discovered to date. Stromolites are mounds of prokaryotes that bind to their kin and other inorganic material. Photosynthesis and the Oxygen Revolution 2. 7 billion years ago, there were probably cynobacteria in the ocean that used  photosynthesis  for energy and released oxygen in the process.The oxygen that these bacteria released would have eventually begun reacting with iron, and finally escaped into the atmosphere as a gas. * This buildup of oxygen actually killed many prokaryotes, and provided a strong selective force in favor of cells that could use oxygen in their met abolism. The cells that survived the â€Å"oxygen revolution† are probably the ancestors of today’s  aerobic  organisms. The First Eukaryotes The earliest eukaryotes are thought to have lived around 2. 1 billion years ago. These early eukaryotes probably formed through  endosymbiosis, in which they engulfed small, living, cells and developed a mutualistic (mutually beneficial) relationship with them. * The  mitochondria, for example, may have been â€Å"formed† in this way. The mitochondria has a double membrane, maintains and replicates its own DNA and reproduce independently of the rest of the cell. The Origin of Multicellularity * As cells became more complex, they also came to exhibit greater diversity.Multicellular structures also began to form. The Earliest Multicellular Eukaryotes The earliest multicellular eukaryotes probably lived around 1. 5 billion years ago. Earth had a few ice ages between 750-580 million years ago. Eukaryote diversity incre ased after the end of this period. The Cambrian Explosion * Scientists have found a whole bunch of animal fossils from the Cambrian Period (535-525 million years ago). While previous animals seem to have mostly been herbivores or filter-feeders, the animals that arose during the  Cambrian Explosion  had claws and armor. Recent evidence, however, suggests that some of these animals were living before the Cambrian Period, so maybe â€Å"explosion† isn’t the best term.The Colonization of Land * Prokaryotes lived on land as long as 1 billion years ago, but larger organisms wouldn’t get there until around 500 million years ago. Plants, which often had mutually beneficial relationships with fungi, colonized the land and began developing specialized structures suited to life out of water. Arthropods, such as insects, also spread on to the land. Continental Drift Here’s something weird: the continents move. They might move really slowly, when you’re ta lking about millions of years, those tiny movements add up. This process, called  continental drift, involves the movement of the Earth’s plates. The collision of two plates can form mountain ranges, cause earthquakes, and so forth. Consequences of Continental Drift * Around 250 million years ago, most of the Earth’s land was concentrated into once massive continent called  Pangaea. As the plates moved, climates changed (sometimes dramatically) and many species went extinct.The separation of plates, in contrast, promotes  allopatric speciation. * These changes in the Earth’s geography help explain similarities between distant organisms, for example. Mass Extinctions * Species go extinct all the time, but there are also major events that are particularly important in evolutionary history –  mass extinctions. The â€Å"Big Five† Mass Extinction Events * Here are a few stats involving fives for you: * Over the past 500 million years * Weâ€⠄¢ve had 5 mass extinctions Each of which caused the deaths of more than 50% of the world’s species * In the  Permian mass extinction, massive volcanic activity spewed lava over 1. 6 million square kilometers and released a huge amount of carbon dioxide, which may have warmed the planet and indirectly caused the deaths of many aquatic organisms. * In the  Cretaceous mass extinction, which killed many of the dinosaurs, an asteroid probably struck the Earth. This would have created a huge cloud of debris that could block the sun and alter the planet’s climate rather significantly.Such an impact may have created the Chicxulub crater in Mexico. Is a Sixth Mass Extinction Under Way? * Humans haven’t killed as many species as the other mass extinctions did, but we’re killing them between 100-1,000 times faster than they normally die. And that could be a big problem. Consequences of Mass Extinctions * It generally takes a few million years for the number of species on the Earth to rebound after a mass extinction. These events also generally wipe out species without regard to their fitness or environmental adaptations.Adaptive Radiations * The diversity of organisms has increased in the last 250 million years, as populations adapt to new environmental conditions and undergo speciation. These  adaptive radiations  generally occur on a large scale after mass extinctions, which leave many ecological niches open. Worldwide Adaptive Radiations * After the dinosaurs went extinct around 65. 5 million years ago, mammals underwent significant adaptive radiation, filling the roles that now-extinct species had occupied in individual ecosystems. Regional Adaptive Radiations Hawaii, which is far from any other continent, is a particularly stark example of adaptive radiation. There are hundreds of species on Hawaii that don’t exist anywhere else in the world. Evolutionary Effects of Developmental Genes * Developmental patterns have also ch anged over time.* Changes in Rate and Timing * One common developmental change is  heterochrony, in which different parts of the body grow at different rates or at different times. Some organisms can undergo  phetomorphosis, in which the adult form of the organism retains traits that previously had been confined to children. Basically, if human adults started looking like babies, we would have a phetomorphosis situation on our hands. Changes in Spatial Pattern * Changes in the  homeotic genes, which control how and where individual body structures develop, could have led to the development of vertebrates and other organisms. The Evolution of Development * There are a few different ways that mutations can significantly influence body structure. Changes in Genes * Many organisms have similar genes that are nevertheless different enough to produce very different outcomes.By identifying and testing each difference between the two genes, researchers can pinpoint the precise changes that alter the gene’s function. Changes in Gene Regulation * Sometimes changes in gene regulation, and thus gene expression, can alter an organism’s body structure. These changes can be localized to specific types of cells, and thus are less potentially dangerous than changes to the genome itself. Evolutionary Novelties * Evolution doesn’t proceed with a final goal in mind, and just involves slight changes from one generation to the next. Over time, simpler structures can become more complex and useful.Structures can also develop into something that serves a totally different purpose than their original function. Evolutionary Trends * The problem with looking at evolutionary trends (such as â€Å"horses are getting bigger†), you’re examining a linear succession of different horse ancestors but rather a branched tree of ancestors that diverged in all different directions. * However, natural selection also works on entire species. If speciation is t he birth of a species and extinction is its death, natural selection could guide the development of these successive â€Å"generations† and thus create a trend.

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A business's only responsibility is to maximise financial returns to its a shareholders - Essay Example nancial returns and profitability would mean to shareholders, the different factors that affect profitability and contribute to maximizing shareholder wealth, the examples and evidence of shareholders returns and company policies and strategies will be analyzed. This essay would highlight the fact that it is a business and company’s primary responsibility to increase profits and improve shareholder financial returns and wealth maximization to maintain the trust of shareholders and investors in the market although there are many factors and controversies involved as will be discussed. Profitability of a company is measured with the values of return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA). Return on equity reveals the profits a company earns when compared with the total amount of shareholder equity. Shareholder equity represents assets created by retained earnings of business and the capital invested by the owners. Shareholder equity equals total liabilities subtracted from total assets and refers to what shareholders possess. High returns on equity indicates that the company can generate cash internally and higher returns on company’s equity suggests better position of the company. For example if a business had a net worth or shareholder’s equity of $200 million dollars and made a profit of $20 million dollars, the earnings from returns on equity would be 10% (see Omran et al, 2002). Higher returns are positive for the company and indicate valuable returns and profitability for shareholders as well. It is the responsibility of a company to see to it that shareholders get adequate and profitable financial returns for their investments (Robbins et al, 2003/2004). The formula for returns on equity is: Net Profit / Average Shareholder Equity for the Period. Asset turnover is an indication of total sales for $1 of assets and return on assets or ROA gives an indication of profits generated by a company for each $1 in assets. Profitability is measured both in

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Understanding training and coaching in the workplace - Coursework Example This can be done by: analysing the current skills of the employees; emerging organisational changes, for example new computer systems and/or production methods, identifying skills that can help the business and then consider training options accordingly (nibusinessinfo.co.uk, n.d.). TNA can also help management to distinguish the type of training needed to bridge the gap between workers present expertise level and the ability level that organisations need. TNA breaks down information around a particular occupation or a gathering of occupations to focus the learning, abilities, disposition and capacities expected to accomplish ideal execution in that employment or occupation gathering (Reyes, 2014). The workforce at McDonald’s can be trained through a number of training techniques which allow sufficient interactions and exposure for the employees to grasp knowledge and develop the relative skills. Since most of the staff is usually involved in servicing customers, taking order and making food orders, methods like on the job training, cross training, shadow training and interactive training methods, which involve constant employee participation and focus, can be utilised (Hr.com, 2001). These may include: quizzes, group discussions, practical demonstrations and role playing. Intuitive training sessions help to keep trainees occupied with the training, which makes reciprocate to the new data and they can also give in-session criticism to mentors on how well trainees are learning (Hr.com, 2001). Blended learning approach: involves recognising that one training method will not suit every employee. More or less, blended learning means utilising more than one training technique to prepare employees on one subject. This methodology can be best suited to the organisation as the organisation has mixed range of activities, like: production, service and management. Mixed adapting essentially bodes well (Trainingtoday.blr.com,

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